The Bangkok Recorder.

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Bangkok September 1st.

The principle local event which has trans- pired since our last issue is the government proclamation, which will be found in an- other column, removing the prohibition which has been in force for this last seven months, forbidding the exportation of rice. Those whose business it is to export will doubtless breathe a little more freely, even if the removal of the prohibition can at present be of very little benefit to them. It is natural for those whose business is trade to want all restrictions upon it re- moved should there be little or no trade at the time. So long however as rice is so scarce and dear, and prices abroad so low it matters but little to exporters whether the pro- hibition be removed or not. It is said that there was considerable opposition among government officials, and even from the throne itself, to the removal of the pro- hibition, the principle reason given being a fear of scarcity and famine in the country. It is believed by some that there is still quite an amount of paddy in the country, and suppose there is, it is in such hands that it cannot be got at until there is a fair prospect of a crop. Much as the Siamese love money, they have still a natural dread of famine, and they will forego the pleasure of the former, in order to prevent the lat- ter. Their influence is such that they can control the avenues to the city and prevent large quantities of paddy reaching here without any apparent violation of the treaty.

So far as can now be seen the next crop must be short. Should the rains however be copious through September there might still be time for a late crop. At present, in a few provinces, the prospects are rather encouraging, but in most places they are on the contrary very discouraging. We have certainly had a singular season so far. During the months of July and August we have not had what would be called in an ordinary year a good shower of rain.

The sky appears to be b?e?am above us, and a cool strong dry wind from the South West prevails. Some times a cloud ap- pears which promises a copious shower, but soon passes off with a blast of wind and a few drops of rain.

In regard to the rice crop however, it must be taken into consideration that there is about twice the usual amount of ground under cultivation this year, and should there only be an average of half a crop through the country it will amount to an ordinary crop other years.

The Oil Question.

The oil monopoly it would appear is not yet quite settled. Some time since an officer ordered those engaged in making oil to drop operations at once, as the business had be- come a monopoly. It was of course the bu- siness of those representing the Treaty Pow- ers to take exception to such a course. It was however argued by the Siamese, in just- ification of their course that it was indeed better for all parties to remove the tax from the cocoanut tree and place it upon the oil. That in consequence of a high tax imposed directly upon the tree the cocoanut have suffered to decline and new ones were not planted in the place of those which had died. Their arguments were indeed plaus- ible, for we all know that the farther a tax can be removed from the producer and the nearer it can be brought to the consumer, the better for the former, and the more encouragement given to him, the greater would be the production. That the matter rest here, and there be no abuse of the monopoly, we suppose the Treaty Powers would be satisfied. There is however likely to be an abuse of the matter [....] [....] Garden taxes here are of two kinds. The one is assessed on certain fruit trees. Then one during a reign, unless the reign be a a very long one. This tax although imposed only once during a reign, is collected an- nually, and by the government [....] di- rectly. The other tax is an assessed tax that is, it is both assessed, and collected every year, on plantains, jack fruit and some other trees not included in the list of the long assessment. It, too, is not collected by the government directly as the other, but is farmed out. The news now is, that the cocoanut is to be taken out of the list of the long assessment, and placed on the list of the annual assessment, and that when this is done there is a person ready to bid for the farm. A decree has also gone forth (we know not from whom) that garden owners must immediately plant co- coanut trees in the places of those which have died, and they are hastening to com- ply. If this measure is carried out, it will readily be perceived that the oil will come to the consumer burdened with a double tax.

A PROCLAMATION.

CHOW PHYA PRAK'LANG Min- ister of Foreign affairs, desires to publish for the information of all whom it may concern the following PROCLAMA- TION.

On a former occasion I was required by the Siamese government to inform you by a written PROCLAMATION, that in the year of the Rat [the last year] throughout the King- dom of Siam, there were localities where the water was over-abundant, and conse- quently the fields could not be made to pro- duce rice—-and other localities where the water was quite insufficient and hence a failure of the crop, the people became much alarmed fearing famine prices of the grain, consequently the government resolved to interdict the exportation of Rice from the second month [corresponding with the 28th Dec. 1864] until the end of the 9th month (corresponding with the 20th inst.) And that then, if on investigation it should be found that the rains are abundant and that the people are enabled to plant rice plenti- fully, the interdiction shall be removed so that Merchants shall be allowed to trade in the same. But on the other hand, if there shall be then, a drought, or if the rains shall be in great excess, preventing the growth of rice the government will have to con- tinue to interdict the sale of the grain an- other year.

And now it appears from the reports of the governors of the Provinces at the South and the North, that in some of the Pro- vinces the rains have fallen in too small quantities to overflow the rice fields, and that consequently the planters have not yet been able to plant their fields with success. In some Provinces the rains have been suffi- cient to grow the young rice plants with good hopes of a crop. In districts where the rice is sown, as in the Province of A- yudia, the farmers have ploughed their fields and got ready to sow, but the rain is yet too little to cover the fields with water.

It would appear that rain in the northern Provinces has not fallen in sufficient abun- dance to cause the river in the Southern districts to overflow its banks.

If the water from the North does not come down and flow over the rice fields and nourish the young plants they will per- ish as was the case last year.

But if the northern water shall be suf- ficient in the course of the 10th, 11th and 12th months (corresponding with the last ten days of August and the whole of Septem- ber and October) to overflow the rice fields, a fair crop will be obtained.

Should however the water be insufficient, as happened last year, the government are unanimous in the opinion that the price of rice in Siam is now [ a period of about 10 months ] higher than it has been, and that the grain now stored in graneries is nearly exhausted. In some of the Provinces where the rice growers have been able to plant their fields successfully, the restrictions in the rice trade have already been removed.

Government has therefore ordered me to inform you that there will be no order to interdict the exportation of rice another year. But the matter will be left to the option of the seller and purchaser to sell or purchase as they shall judge it most profitable for themselves. Government only requests to take the usual custom on the grain.

Moreover government learns that in China and other places rice is cheaper than in Bangkok. Now if Merchants in their several spheres will import rice for sale in Siam, the usual import custom of three per cent shall not be demanded. But other imports shall still continue to pay duty according to the Treaties.

Issued on the 1st day of the waxing moon of the 10th month, corresponding to August 22d 1865.

To the Editor of the "Bangkok Recorder"

Sir.—Through the medium of your co- lumns I beg to call attention to a subject of some importance to the Kings and peo- ple of Siam.

A short time ago it was arranged to re- place the circulation of Cowries by Ats and Lots. This was no doubt in imitation of foreign countries which use coins such as pence, cents, and sone, which are coins well known and highly approved of, and the H. M. the king showed great wisdom and knowledge, of the custom of distant com- tries. But these Ats and Lots being made of such Metal as Tin or Lead it was not only easy for evil disposed persons to coun- terfeit them, but there was temptation thrown in their way, by the great profit likely to accrue, and in proof of this we have merely to consider well known facts. For instance, the Government give in exchange 64 Ats for one tical or 8 for a fuang, but the coun-

terfeiters sell 100 Ats for ⅞ths of a tical and consequently a large amount of base coin has found its way into circulation. By the laws of Siam forgers are liable to very severe penalties, but so long as it is easy to coun- terfeit and great profits can be made, the fear of punishment will be found insufficient to arrest the evil. I foresee that great diffi- culties will result from the use of this lead money, and therefore would suggest that instead of it the small coins should be made of copper, and in such a way that it would be difficult to imitate them. Amongst the valuable considerations, in favor of the use of copper money, may be mentioned the length of time that it will wear and retain the impressions made upon it.

It seems to me that the making of coins of copper instead of lead would accomplish the object which H. M. the King had in view in making the Ats and Lots, but which is not yet fulfilled, and would prove to future generations H. M.'s consideration for the prosperity of his kingdom. This cop- per coinage would be of such a nature that subsequent rulers of the country could not fail to see its great advantages, and would therefore not think of making any altera- tion in the currency, from the conviction that they could not improve it.

With a view speedily to remedy this de- fect, I propose that in consideration of a payment of 400 catties annually, His Ma- jesty should grant for ten years the right to supply copper or bronze coins, of the same nominal value as those of lead now current, and which would intrinsically re- present such a value that it would be im- possible to make a profit by imitating them, hence the evil now felt would cease.

And now that I have ventured on the ex- pression of my opinion, allow me to invite your readers to give theirs in the next is- sue of your paper; and should there be any more feasible proposition made, it is to be hoped that all, who have it in their power, will assist in its accomplishment instead of throwing obstacles in the way; but if there is nothing better proposed I hope that my suggestions may be carried into effect with- out delay.

Garden Rambles in Siam.

Largest of all the fruits of our little domain is the jack, a species of bread- fruit. It grows on the trunk and larger branches of a lofty, spreading, and dark- green, oval-leated tree. Appearing four or five at once and as many tens annually it, reaches & foot in diameter and one and a half in length, and requires protection from premature fall and frugiverous birds. The rough green rind incloses numerous kernels or nuts, which are covered with a rich, cream-colored and very odoriferous fruit, quite agreeable but laxative. Those nuts are sometimes roasted. The wood of the tree, fustic, is used in the yellow dyeing of priests' robes. The bread-fruit proper is the smaller and nearly rounded fruit of a low- tree, of forty-five to fifty feet, with ser- rate leaf. Though in taste, nutrition and otherwise well named, it is coarse, and, even prepared with palm-sugar and cocoa- milk, not very attractive to native or for- eigner.

Most esteemed by the Siameses, of all the fruit-bearers, is the durian. It resembles its neighbor the jack, but is more lofty, and sends out its more numerous branches more at right angles. The fruit hanging in scores, is an oblong oval of five by seven inches, with rind rising in high, hard points, which, not to mention the force of gravity, make its unseeen fall somewhat to be feared. When ripe, it bursts the tough rind and discloses four lobes, each containing sever- al nuts, and all enveloped in a nearly white, soft pulp. This is the most delicious of the delicious, the concentrated, subliminated quintessence of deliciousness to native taste. But for the foreign novitiate, the odor, the stench of the durian sufficeth. Compared unto it, antiquated eggs, rotting fish, sauer- kraut, all together, are but the perfumed breath of the sweetest conservatory. It has been likened to assafoetida, to the stink of various and onions mingled, to a mixture of sulphureted hydrogen gas and garlic; we would liken it to the whole combined. You can detect the presence of one in a distant part of the house; a boat load a fourth of a mile. The organ of smell, long and painfully disciplined to a reluctant ac- quiescence, few can even then taste it with out having peculiar gastric symptoms which recall first experiences at sea. But the two- fold ordeal past, many become fond, pas- sionately fond of the durian, and marvellous is the number which they boast of daily eating. It is the most expenssive of fruits and its presentation is regarded as a token of warm friendship and highest considera- tion. An old traveller, discovering very quaintly and somewhat fancifully of the durian, in connection with the betel, says: 'In Malacca there is a fruit so pleasant both for taste and small, that it excelleth all other fruits, both of India and Malacca, al- though there are many both excellent and very good. This fruit is hot and moist; and such as will eat them, must first treadle upon them softly with his foote and breake the prickers that are about them. Siroh as never eate of it before, when they smell it at the first, thinke it scenteth like a rotten onyon; but having tasted it, they esteeme it above all other fruites, both for taste and savor. Here you must note a wonderful contrarietie that is between this fruit dur- ian and the bearbe bettele; which in truth is so great, that if there were a whole ship-

pe, shoppe, or house full of duriaens, wherein there lay certaine leaves of bettele, all the duriaens would presently rette and bee spoyled. And likewise, by eating over many of those duriaens, they heat the maw and make it swell: and one leaf of bettele, to the contrairie, being laid cold upon the heart, will presently cease the inflammation, rising or swelling of the maw. And so, if after you have eaten duriaens, you chance to eat a leaf or two of bettele, you can re- ceive no hurt by the duriaens, although your stomach never so many. Hereupon, and because they are of so pleasant a taste, the common saying is, that men can never be satisfied with them. The mangosteen to us, however, the nonpareil of tropic fruits. The tree, more nearly than any other of the East, resembles the apple-tree, and the abundant fruit is about the size of a medium greening. The rind, dark brown without and beautiful vermilion within, has a very bitter juice, which is used as an astringent in medicine and a black mordant in dyeing. The lobes, (in number indicated before opening by the divisions of the per- manent peltate stigma which crowns the fruit) with each a seed, are of the purest white and the most delicate, exquisite, strawberry-like flavor. Healthful as delight- ful, there is scarce any limit to the enjoy- ment of mangoesteens.

Very like in appearance to the strawber- ry, at a distance, is the rambutan. Its large clusters in rich profusion and scarlet, dapple the green leaves of the fine tree, like the early colorings of the autumnal maple. The fruit is a drupe, of the size of a medium plum, with a tough, hairy (as its Malay name denotes) skin, and a semi-transparent and pleasant pulp containing a stone. Hard by grow the maprang, with its thousands of smooth golden plums, quite resembling our largest and best.

The pomelo, with its pretty white blos- soms of orange fragrance, shining out from dark leaves, and four-score fruit, invited us to pluck from our veranda. Stripped of its rind, this great orange is a pale white or a reddish, according to variety, and though rather bitter, is more refreshing and tonic than the same fruit known as the shaddock (from the ship-master Shaddock who in- troduced it) of the West-Indies. The thick rind is often used as that of melons else- where, as a medium for eating sugar. The pine-apple abounds in the country; but some predatory hand always relieved us from eating our own. They are inferior to those at Singapore, which indeed are un- rivalled in lusciousness and cheapness, the choicest in the world being frequently re- tailed 'two for a penny.' While there, one day sitting in the office of a Chinese mer- chant, we saw on the quay a group of four boat-coolies pare and internally pack away in about ten minutes a pile of over twenty large pine-apples, without any manifest con-

sciousness whatever of heroic or painful a- chievement. The custard-apple, of the size of a large peach, with greenish, soft, far- rowed, fragile skin, and, barring the many dark seeds, very custard-like pulp, is ex- ceedingly choice. Of the same genus with this, the papaya and sour-sop are of the size and color of a medium musk-melon, the one sweet and aromatic, the other more juicy and tart. The guava grows on a tree twenty-five to thirty feet high, with light green leaves and large white flowers. It is conical, smaller than the quince, to which it is often, compared, of not pleasant smell, but stewed, preserved or jellied, of very fine flavor. Like the banana and cocoa-not when seen in northern markets, this fam- ous jelly gives little idea of its fresh deli- ciousness at home. Less even does that prized pickle, the mango, realize to one the ripe fruit of the gulf-side of Siam. The tree attains to sixty feet, and to three in diam- eter, with large spreading branches, long, narrow, deep-green leaf, and small, white blossom; it would remind you of the oak. The fruit, a drupe with smooth skin and large hairy stone, is three to five inches long, two and a half inches wide, and one to two thick. Unripe, it is used for pies and puddings, resembling a sour green ap- ple. But in its fall, golden, luscious yel- low ripeness, it rivals the durian and man- gosteen, and the finest peach.

The tamarind, towering eighty to one hundred feet, with large, far-reaching bran- ches, thick green foliage, clusters of yel- low crimson-veined flowers, and dark green pods, is the pride of the forest, and of pa- laces and temple-grounds. The acidulous fruit, from the pods, is almost an essential for the table, in curries and pastry, and as a sauce for rice and meats. A beverage distinctly cooling and refreshing, especi- ally in sickness, is made from it, and it is at all times valuable as a mild aperient.

Such were some of the fruits and trees to be found within a five minutes walk from our bamboo cottage. They are but a few of the long, rich, varied catalogne of the country. The pomegranate, with its frag- rant scarlet blossoms and mildly acid flav- or; the orange, in twenty varieties, to which acres on the Menam are devoted; the lime, the excellent substitute for lemons; the citron, the musk and water-melon; the mienglak, a half tea-spoon of which (no larger than a small shot) put into a very little water, will presently fill the tumbler with an agreeable drink; the lychee, the rose-apple, the cashew, and many others of name and natur more novel, we must pass.

Scarcely less famed are the gardens of Siam for vegetables. The great cereal and staple of the country is rice. 'Hot corn! hot corn!' cries the itinerant huckster, laden with ears smoking in their green husks; the snowy popped, too, and that roasted, cut from the ear and sugared, find much appreciative taste. But Indian corn is little cultivated, and never for flour or feeding. Far better, perfectly adapted to tropic use, is that which the all-wise PRO-, VIDENCE furnishes in such overflowing abundance. Nowhere is the culture of rice more facile or fruitful than in these rich, warm, moist, at times, dain? unwatered lowlands. The moderate labors of the natives are repaid thirty to fifty-fold; the export, should not more than one third of the land be cultivated, and one crop instead of the other two possible, is immense. Under late treaties, the only official bar to export is a failure of crop and threatened famine (!) with royal proclamation thereof. There are nearly as many varieties of wheat; the highlands are much smaller and lighter, the lowland more certain and prolific. The more extensive rice fields lie on the banks of the rivers or canals, and are first cleared by axe and fire of trees and roots, then surrounded by low embankments or ridges of earth, with entering trenches. A plough, hardly larger than one's hand, six inches long and four wide at the top, tapering round to the point, with a crooked stick for beam and handle, and a buffalo for team, scratches the ground to the depth of three or four inches. This is followed by a harrow, consisting of large boughs or a small tree. In the soil thus prepared the rice plants are in July or early August transplanted from the smaller sowing plates, the workmen as they walk, with foot or sick making holes in the soft wet earth and thrusting in handfuls. At flood-tide the water is let in by the trenches, and the gates are shut. In localities not easily thus reach- ed, men, with large wooden scoops suspen- ded from a frame, aid the filling of the tren- ches. Or yet again you may sometimes see the 'watering with the foot.' A large double box or trough is placed on the bank at an angle of forty-five degrees, or less. Through this runs by a wheel at the head, an endless chain with wooden paddles or floats, which carry the water up through the under box, and return empty through the upper. The wheel is turned by men treading steps or cogs in its long axle, and balancing them- selves by aid of a bar before them. This mode of irrigation is almost identical with that described centuries ago by Philo. The rice is kept under water till the kernel is formed. The grain is cut about mid- December, with a crooked, unseparated stick, and is trodden out by buffaloes and oxen, or on a smaller scale, beaten out against the sides of the receiving boxes by hand. It is winnowed by the wind and basket-sieves or fans machines now common. Table-rice is hulled by women and children treading on the short arm of a long, hard- headed lever playing in a frame, and farther by pounding in mortars with pestles a couple of yards long. It was retailed by the itinerant boats at about thirty cents per bucket of twenty quarts, or thirty pounds good quality and measure. 'Cargo' passes through the paddy mills, which are largely owned and worked by Chinese. The mill, of which there are several in one establishment, consists of a heavy wooden cylinder with grooved bottom, revolved by horizontal hand-cranks on another grooved block inclosed in basket-work.

Paddy (unhulled rice) is also con- siderable exports. Rice is the chief food of the people. It is sometimes, though rarely, ground, and then, as also our wheat from Singapore, in the Scriptural manner, by 'two women grinding at the mill', or quern. Usually it is boiled, after washing two or three times, for five or eight minutes, then the water poured off, allowed to steam in the same coarse earthen pot, over gentle fire, for three-quarters of an hour. Not softened to a paste, the kernel kept whole, of the purest white, the rice does not soil the fingers of those who use no spoon, and has a tempting, and with the golden curry beside it, irresistible look for all. A very glutinous rice, with spices conjured into a kind of cake, fermented, and wrapped in bits of green plantain-leaf, is sold by the street-side, admired by juv- eniles, and not to be despised by adults, native or foreign. From rice is distilled the vile arrak, the principal intoxicating beverage of the country.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

No scene more striking or impressive can be conceived in a free country than the dis- solution of one Parliament, and the imme- diate arrangements made for summoning another. The constitution provides for a full representation of the people, and usage prescribes that the legislative body shall renewed without fail as often as its term shall have lapsed. On the 6th July the two Houses met, and heard the Queen's Speech, in which her Majesty informed them that the electors of the United King- dom would soon be called upon again to choose their representatives, adding a so- lemn prayer that a blessing might attend their proceedings. From this point of de- parture, the elections may be said to have been set in motion. On the same evening the new writs were issued, and within a week's time the constituencies will have re- turned their representatives, the excitement will be over, and the great constitutional right, by which the people impart practical force to public opinion, will have been dis- charged, without the slightest attempt being made to control or pervert it by the authori- ties. The contrast with the course of French election, which has hitherto been a fruitless contest between power and the masses, is not the least important reflection our English system suggests. Whatever inconvenience may accrue from a general election; it affords at least satisfactory evid- ence of the electors. So long as society exists in its present forms, influences must continue to operate in some quarters, nor can the most stringent legislation reach them; but what is common to society at large, cannot be urged as an objection to any particular social development; and the elections in England yield conclusive proofs that there is as much liberty of action amongst the electors as can co-exist with the conflict of interests and views seeking to be represented.

The Speech from the Throne, delivered by Commission, consisted mainly of con- gratulations on the seal of Parliament and an historical retrospect of the labours of the Session. Her Majesty rejoices at the "con- tinued tranquillity and increasing prosperi- ty" of India—phrases which may be con- dered by some people open to question— and she regrets that the conferences with the North American provinces have not led to a satisfactory result; her Majesty rejoices also that the war in America is over, and is happy to say that she is on friendly re- lations with foreign Powers; and then turn- ing to the actual work of Session, she enu- merates with justifiable approbation some of the most important measures that have been carried.

As there was nothing in this Speech to call up the animosities of faction, as there really no question before the constituen- cies to give point to the elections. Reform will be attempted, but it is only in particu- lar places it is likely to turn a vote one way or the other. The Church in many places will be turned to account: and where Ro- man Catholics most do congregate, Lord Derby's injurious speech on the Oath— Bill will, probably, damage the Conserva- tives; but elsewhere, there will be little cap- ital made out of the Church on either side. Considering the absence of salient topics, the elections are likely to be contested with extraordinary animation. Wars and rum- ours of wars are surging up around us; and at the eleventh hour new candidates are coming forward to vindicate the interests of a party, or, in the verbiage of that style of address which means nothing, to enable independent electors to record their votes. We do not remember on any former occas- sion so many candidates in the field, or so many formidable attempts to rout the Liber- als in their strongholds. Amongst the changes of seats which the new Parliament will witness, that of Sir Charles Wood will conspicuous. An effort has been made to set him up again for Halifax, but Colonel Akroyd not having manifested the least in- tention of retiring, Sir Charles Wood has steadily declined to stand again; and, for a final refuge, thrown himself into the arms of the electors of Ripon. In the metropoli tan boroughs, and even in Westminster, the City of London, and Middlesex, close bat-

tles are expected, and prophecies of unto- ward events are freely circulated. But the issue is so close at hand, that it is scarcely worth while to indulge in such speculations.

In the midst of this political excitement comes the case of Lord Westbury, which has afforded occupation to two Parliamen- tary Committees, and been treated with ex- aggerated heat in the hope of damaging the administration on the eve of the election. The virtuous indignation of the Conservative party which was expanded on that expect- ation has failed. The more the charges against Lord Westbury were investigated, the more it became obvious that he had acted with culpable indifference to the strict administration of his grave functions, but that he had not done so from corrupt mo- tives. He had in fact gained nothing by his misplaced leniency to official men who deserved dismiss'd and received pensions at his hands; but he had brought such discre- dit on his high office, as to render it neces- sary that he should resign. This was, in effect, the substance of a vote of the House of Commons, acquiesced in without a div- ision by Lord Palmerston. It expressed what must be regarded as the judgment of the public, and the Government wisely ac- cepted it as final. On the following morning Lord Westbury placed his resignation in the hands of the Prime Minister, and it is only justice to him to add that he had been an- xious to resign at an earlier period, but was overruled by Lord Palmerston. No soon- er had the offending functionary retired, than the scandal went down into oblivion, and the brief speech in which his lordship took leave of the Wool sack was listened to with profound attention. Lord Cranworth has been appointed his successor. By this appointment the country will be saved a pension, and the labours of the Keeper of the Seals will be confided to a man in whose experience and competency all parties will feel confidence. Lord Cranworth is 75 years of age, but is in perfect possession of his mental and physical powers.

Almost the only scrap of news from abroad that calls for special record is a re- petition of the rumour that negotiations are in progress for the recognition of Italy by Spain—an arrangement to which the Pope is said to offer no opposition. In all these initial movements for a better understand- ing amongst the governments of Europe, his Holiness shows a most complying dis- position; but when matters approach the settlement of details, as in the case of the Italian bishops, the antagonist spirit comes It is natual enough, considering the traditions of the Vatican, that the Pope should be unwilling to part with the last shreds of his dominion over the Kings of the earth; and we should, therefore, prize all the more such concessions as he has manifested a disposition to approve.

The Schleswig-Holstein dispute deepens between Austria and Prussia. Austria has offered terms to Prussia, which Prussia has indignantly rejected, although they includ- ed the recognition of Kiel as a Prussian naval station, and Rendsburg as a Federal fortress with a Prussian garrison, conces- sions which Austria never should have made, and which it is fornuate Prussia has refused. Herr von Bismarck's views with respect to the Duchies appear to have be- come more exorbitant in proportion as Aus- tria has become more disinclined to give up the claims of the Duke, and he has ac- cordingly, not only declined to diminish the number of his troops in the Duchies, but refused to allow the people to express by public demonstrations their wishes as to their future sovereign. He has gone so far as to direct that martial law shall be pro- claimed on the first attempt to make a de- monstration in favour of the Duke of Au- gustenburg. In this case, what can Austria do? Literally nothing. She has remon- strated; But her remonstrances are waste- paper. Prussia occupies the Duchies, and will keep them at the point of the sword. Nothing short of a war will expel her; and who is to take the initiative?

The experiment of the new Austrian Cabinet has not yet been long enough in operation to enable the world to judge of its probable fate. It is something, however, to know that it is in favour of more liberal views than its predecessor, and that, for the first time, a serious and sincere attempt will be made to find out a path to reconciliation with Hungary. The merit of this import- ant movement belongs exclusively to the Emperor, who, having on his return from Pesh, communicated to Von Schmerling his desire to terminate the provisional state of things in Hungary, and finding that the minister was opposed to his views, announ- ced his determination to take the matter into his own hands. This was as much as to intimate to Von Schmerling the neces- sity of resigning, to make room for an ad- ministration prepared to carry out his Maj- esty's policy. The hint was taken, and the new ministry have taken office with a full consciousness of the responsibility before them.

After occupying nearly a week, the trial of Dr. Pritchard, in Glasgow, for poisoning his wife and his wife's mother, has been brought to a close. The medical evidence was conclusive as to the fact of poisoning, which had been evidently going on slowly for some time. There were only two persons who, from their position in the house, were open to suspicion-—a young servant girl with whom Dr. Pritchard had formed a crimin- al intimacy, and to whom he had promised marriage in the event of his wife's death; and Dr. Pritchard himself. With respect to the former, no criminating circumstances were brought to light; but, with respect to the latter, although no adequate motive could be traced for the commission of the murders, and notwithstanding that the re- latives of the murdered ladies appeared on his behalf, there were certain incidents which left no moral doubt of his guilt—-he alone had an interest in their death, and only he could have poisoned them as they were poisoned; he misrepresented their ill- ness, and made false reports to the registrar. After an absence of an hour from court, the jury found the prisoner guilty, and the judges sentenced him to be executed on July 28.

Latest Intelligence.

America.

Intelligence from New York to the noon of the 28th June says:

Advices from the South describe the desolation marking the line of Sherman's march, and all the adjacent country. The inhabitants are threatened with starvation, as nearly all barns and farming implements have been destroyed and the live stock driven off. General Wilson telegraphs that he can with great difficulty procure scanty rations for his men, and predicts a famine unless supplies are at once sent to the de- vastated regions. A correspondent of the 'New York Herald' represents the condit- ion of South Carolina to be truly pitiable. In Columbia, once considered the most elegant city of its size in the country, the inhabitants, from the highest to the lowest, were existing in a condition of the most ab- ject poverty, and no attempt was being made to rebuild the city. The same cor- respondent, whose account is indeed cor- roborated by several others, states that the people of that section admit themselves conquered, but declare openly their hatred for the North. It is said to be generally ad- mitted that the planters, considering their present condition, are better off without their slaves. The mortality among the freedmen is still reported to be very great, although the authorities are making every exertion to ameliorate their condition. In Georgia and North Carolina the state of af- fairs is rather more promising, but is never- theless deplorable. A correspondent says— Throughout this vast region the tall, black- ened chimneys, obliterated railroads, the ashes of barns and fences, misery and de- solation mark the course of the avenging army, and the prospect of the inhabitants is truly poor.

The report is confirmed that the health of Mr. Jefferson Davis is much improved. He is now allowed whatever food he wish- es, but is still kept closely confined, and is permitted the use of no books or papers be- yond the Holy Bible and a Prayer-book. Nothing further has transpired in relation to his proposed trial for treason. "Mrs. Davis," so says a correspondent of the 'New York Herald,' "is living in Savannah in a destitute condition, without money or pro- per clothing, and without any servant to aid her in taking care of her young child- ren."

The 'Richmond Bulletin' states that it is reported to be a fact by men of influence that James Gordon Bennett, of the 'New York Herald,' in the beginning of the war, wrote to Mr. Davis, the then Confederate President, offering to support his govern- ment for the sum of £50,000 sterling. The 'New York World' and 'New York News' editorially endorse the truth of the state- ment. The 'World' say, on the authority of "a gentleman, whose word would not be doubted were we to mention his name," that Mr. Bennett stipulated that the £50, 000 should be deposited to his credit a- broad, and that the Confederate govern- ment should indemnify him for any losses sustained in advocating its cause, but that Mr. Davis declined the offer, and favoured the establishment of the London "Index."

President Johnson was suffering from in- disposition, resulting from excessive fatigue. Mr. Frederick W. Seward was still improv- ing, and was able to walk from one cham- ber to another for the first time since his injuries were inflicted.

It was reported that the Freedman's Bureau has set apart a large quantity of confiscated and abandoned land in the South in tracts of various sizes, and in various localities, for the especial benefit of negroes. Not less than 100,000 are now subsisting on government rations in the State of Virginia alone.

The 'New York Herald' says:—"All the trade restrictions of the war having been removed from the late rebellious States, including Arkansas, Western Louisiana, and Texas, we may soon expect large ar- rivals of cotton on the seaboard en route for England. There are probably about as many as 2,000,000 bales of cotton scattered about in holes and corners throughout the South, and those who have it to sell and those who are seeking to buy should assist each other in bringing it out; and for the relief of the Southern people the government in every available way should assist them in getting their cotton to market, and every other staple of Southern pro- duce they may have to exchange for bread and clothing. The necessities of the suffer- ing Southern people are urgent, and call for immediate relief. Thousands of those peo- ple are famishing while the means of relief are all around them, needing only purchas- ers and bread and clothing in exchange."

The army of the Potomac, which origin- ally consisted of seven corps, and which at one time numbered over 300,000 men, was about to be reduced, by the instructions of the War Department, to three divisions of about 16,000 all together.

France.

It is reported in Paris there is to be a reduction of the French army by about 30,000 men, a proceeding which will relieve the exchequer to the amount of 30 million francs, besides affording an additional evidence of the pacific tendency of the French government. Marshal MacMahon has arrived in Paris.

The Treaty of Commerce and navigation between France and Holland was signed yesterday at the Hague, and will be present ed on Monday next to the States General. It is stated that the Russian government has recalled to St. Petersburg M. Balch, the attaché who was the victim of the out- rage at the Russian embassy in Paris on the 24th of April last. The recall has been occasioned by the French refusal of the Cabinet to give up the author of the crime to the Russian authorities, on the demand of Baron de Budberg.

Italy.

The government has presented a report to the king upon the recent negotiation with Rome. The negotiations it appears were adopted at the request of the Pope, the Italian government stipulating that the conferences should be strictly confined to filling the vacant sees and other ecclesiastical matters, all political questions being entirely excluded. At the commencement of the negotiations the Papal government exhibited a conciliatory disposition, and hopes were entertained of a favorable con- clusion to the conferences; but subsequent- ly, some unknown influence was brought to bear upon the Papal government presented the successful issue of the negotiations, which were finally broked up by the reject- tion of the proposals relative to the oath of bishops and the execuqatur. The Italian government, nevertheless, declared that it would have consented to the return of the bishop if it would not cause inconvenience.

Austria.

The evening official journal of Vienna of July 8 denies the rumours current in refer- ence to the ministerial crisis, and states that none of the resignations tendered by the former ministers have been accepted, except that of Count Zichy. The same paper adds that the present ministry will remain in of- fice until the conclusion of the financial de- bates in the Reichsrath.

The 'Augsburg Gazette' gives the analy- sis of an Austrian despatch, which states that sensible diminution has been effected in the antipathy hitherto manifested by the cabinet of Vienna against the candidature of the Grand Duke of Oldenburg. The Austrian government now declares itself ready to di?cuss with Prussia the grand duke's claims, whereas formerly it would sanction only that of the Prince of August- enburg. The grand duke is said to be shortly expected at Vienna.

Spain.

A telegram from Madrid announces that Senor Bernades Castro, Minister for For- eign Affairs, has addressed a despatch to the Spanish ambassador at Rome, announcing that the Spanish government recognises the kingdom of Italy.

The sitting of the Cortes will close on the 15th July, after which date the most important diplomatic nominations will be made. The dissolution of the Cortes will take place in September.

The government has given up the Stone- wall Confederate cruiser, which had been delivered over to the Cuban authorities some time ago, to the United States of America, in conformity with the demand recently made in the despatches of Mr. Seward to the European governments.

Tuileries

It was about the middle of Nov. that one of a number of workmen who had been em- ployed to execute certain repairs in the Tuileries, discovered an iron chest conceal- ed in the wall of one of the rooms, which being opened by order of the minister, was found to contain papers relating to the rev- olution. Upon a closer examination of these manuscripts several of them turned out to refer to certain projects of the royal- ists for restoring the king's authority, and even to intrigues, which had been entered into for that purpose by the Court, with some of the most eminent of the popular leaders. These were the documents which contained certain proofs of Mirabean's treachery to the cause of the revolution. The discovery and publication of the con- tents of this iron chest had a most power- ful effect in precipitating the sad fate of the king. The business of bringing him to the block was now a smooth and easy one. On the 11th of Dec. he was called for the first time to the bar of the Convention. He made his appearance about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Having been permitted to place himself in a chair, he was asked a succes- sion of questions by the President, all of which he answered with precision and com- posure. The papers found in the iron chest, and others on which the accusations against him were founded, were then put one by one into his hand, and he was asked in re- gard to each if he acknowledged it. He disavowed many of them. This examina- tion lasted for three hours.

On the 25th Louis again appeared at the bar, accompanied by his counsel M. M. de Ma?herbes, Tronchet and Deseze, to make his defence. On entering the Hall at eight o'clock in the morning those Deputies who were suspected of being favorably disposed to the accused, were insulted by the people. The galleries were also found to be filled with people who had remained there all the night previous. The king on being called up for his defense pointed to his counsel, and M. Desdéy arose and addressed the Convention in a speech distinguished by its eloquence and fearlessness. On its con- clusion Louis again retired. A very stormy debate amidst fearful outcries then took place. Was Louis guilty or not guilty? On this question all the members present, six hundred and ninety three in number, voted in the affirmative. When it was as- certained how the vote stood, the penalty of death was pronounced by the Conven- tion against Louis Capet. The sentence that passed on the king was a victory gained by the Girondists the more violent party of the Convention. In the course of the next three or four months, the legislative body was subject to various attacks by the rabble. of the Faubourg. One of the most memora- ble of the days thus distinguished, was the first of May when a mob of about two hun- dred women first presented themselves at the bar of the Convention, which was now sitting in the Palace of the Tuileries. These petitioners, as they called themselves, advan- ced into the Hall with banners in their hands, announcing their demands, and head- ed by a leader who read an address, which was intended to tell them, she said, "des vérités dures," some hard truths. "You republicans" also went on to say, "know how to govern—Lile vagrants you make promises but to break them. What have you done since you have met in this Hall?" After going on in this style for a consider- able time, the orator concluded by inform- ing the patient auditors that if their demands were not immediately acceded to, she and her followers declared themselves in a state of insurrection. After having vented their wrath in all manner of insult and outrage, these women retired but to reappear again, on the 37th. On that day an augmented mob of fanatic furies, about 2.000 in num- ber, presented themselves surrounding all the entrances to the Legislative Chamber. These petticoat politicians, were headed on this occasion by a woman named Leonie, and the circumstance of there being no men among them gave occasion to its being said, that assuredly, "était tombée en quenouille," had fallen to be inherited by the distaff, as it may be translated. The debate was one of unprecedented violence. The party named the Mountain did not confine themselves to their usual practice of roaring down their opponents, in which on this occasion, they were wonderfully aided by the shrill voices of the women from without, and from the gallery within, but some of them actually laid other members prostrate by dealing them blows on the breast with their clin- ched fists, thus enforcing their propositions by blows and the most furious outcries. It was a scene of unparalleled outrage upon all the forms of order and government.

On the 31st the insurrection again broke out in one of its most hidous aspects, On that morning the tocsin sounded from every steeple in Paris, and in every street the drums beat to arms, and in a short time a mob of infuriated women had collected at every entrance to the Hall of the Con- vention, by whom every member as he ap- proached was subjected to abuse. Multitudes of men too, armed with sticks and spikes, and afterwards several bands of military, arrived till at last it had grown into an im- mense army. The Tuileries was on that day besieged by a force of full eighty thousand all of whom were armed.

The Convention had opened at 8 o'clock, but the members assembled, are long found themselves imprisoned within their Hall. When any of them attempted to go forth, they were met at the door by pointed bay- onets and driven back, often with having had their clothes torn off and severely beaten. When the unfortunate representatives found the state in which they were placed a vio- lent debate arose,—Lanjuinais one of the twenty five Girondist leaders, whose heads had been demanded, by the popu- lace, mounting the tribune, denounced with vehement eloquence the ultra democratic party who had instigated these terrible excesses. "Legislators" he exclaimed, "the truth is no longer to be disguised; another authority has usurped your functions, and you are now invested by its hired bands" The members of the mountain here endea- voured to drown the voice of the orator with outcries of unparalleled fury—at last Legend- re, a member of the mountain, sprung up to the tribune, and placing himself by his side, not only assailed him with the most pas- sionate reproaches, but aimed a rapid suc- cession of blows at his head with his clinch- ed fist. On seeing this, a deputation from the mob entered and demanded that a number of the deputies whom they named, should be surrendered to them. To elude if possible the well understood aim of the authors of this proposal, it was moved at once that the obnoxious deputies should voluntarily resign the powers with which they were invested, into the hands of the mob, who would then take them under their protection.

As soon as they had once more taken their seats, Couthon rose, and pointing to the vacated seats observed, with matchless effrontary, that from all they had just seen the assembly must at last be convinced that their deliberations were perfectly free. This ready acquiescence in their own degradation. was however of little avail in saving them from a worse fate. Within a few months all of them were brought to the guillotine. And thus terminated a day which may be described as one of the most humiliating in the annals of France. The succeeding four- teen months form the dark period of the domination of Robespierre, of which we intend hereafter to give a sketch in conec- tion with the Place Louis XV.

On the abolition of Royalty the garden of the Tuileries received the name of the National garden. It was here that imposingly famous and blasphemous festival to the sup- reme Being was celebrated on the 8th June 1794.—"The day was serene and beautiful, the sun rose with a grandeur unparalleled, even in the far east, the air was soft and mild as when Zephyrs on Flora breathes, and all nature was hushed into stillness if not into repose," says our disarming histor- ian. "The furious throngs of angry men and women rushing hither and thither with frantic cries and curses were no longer heard. The hellish war of the inhuman mob had indeed subsided, but alas twas only to sleep off the intoxication of the night in order to fit them for the blacker crime of the succeeding day. " At the moment of sunrise military music and the rapid firing of cannon, announced the coming solem- nity. Very soon bands of men, women and children were seen approaching from the different sections, the men bearing branches of oak, and the women and children bou- quetes of flowers in their hands-while along the streets through which they passed all the fronts of the houses were being hung with blooming garlands, tricolored banners, or draperies. The different columns of the people had arranged themselves in a station appointed for them at a short distance from the palace.

The members of the Convention then came forth in procession from the central pavilion preceded by a numerous band of musicians and took their places in an ele- vated spacious amphitheatre which had been erected against the palace wall. Rob- espierre as President, then rose and mount- ing a rostrum, delivered an address spe- cious and flattering to the people, in com- mendation of the new religion, " The French National Faith" the establish- ment of which they had met together, as a nation, solemnly to celebrate. A symphony performed by several bands of musicians followed his oration. When this was over Robespierre taking a lighted torch in his hand descended from the amphitheatre and advanced towards a group of figures repre- senting Atheism, Ambition, Egoism, and Discord, which stood together in the cir- cular basis of the parterre, and applying his torch to this allegorical group he set it on fire. The figures disappeared in a blaze, and the cloud of smoke that succeeded gradually cleared away there were seen em- erging from the bright and majestic figure of Wisdom. After this spectacle Robespierre again harangued the people. Tho whole As- sembly then marched in procession with music playing and banners flying to the Champ de Mars, or as it was then called the Champ de la Reunion, where other cerimo-

nies were performed and hymns chanted. They afterwards returned to the Tuileries in similiar array, where they passed the entire day in dancing and other festivities.

The pride, pomp and circumstance of this impious festival had hardly vanished from the gaze of this giddy people, when the first mutterings became audible of the tempest that was to overthrow Robespierre and his associates, and restore once more something like liberty and hope to France. The leaders of the people were everywhere triumphant—sixty of the unfortunate dep- uties were condemned and executed on the guillotine.

Another military demonstration, and the last we would here mention in concluding our sketch of the Tuileries, occurred on the famous 18th Brumaire, the 8th or 9th Nov. 1799, when Bonaparte seized the govern- ment, and compelled the new Assembly to transfer its sitting elsewhere. The palace of the Tuileries soon after became the resi- dence of Bonaparte, and ere long its Halls were once more revisited by the pomp and brilliancy of a Court. The spirit of the old system, however, continued nearly unim- paired throughout the whole of his day, and even to the present reign; and many sagacious observers are not without their anticipations of a coming revolution in France. In a work of some celebrity "Plato Redivivus" lately revised by one of our old English republicans, the author in the course of his great argument says "that all good and stable governments is necessaril- ly founded on the recognition of the rights of the people;" Having occasion to refer to the case of France, he remarks "we may sup- pose that the great power of the Emperor of France must diminish much when his enraged and oppressed subjects come to be commanded by a ruler of less tact, wisdom and military virtue. It will be very difficult for any such prince to govern tyrannically a country not entirely his own.” He after- wards in examining the subject at greater length characterizes the existing French government as one of those violent states which the Grecians designated “Tyrannes” and proceeds to prove, that such a govern- ment being violent, is not natural, but con- trary to the interests of the people, and cannot be lasting, but must fail when the adventitious props which support it fail,-and that whilst it does endure it must be very uneasy both to prince and people,—the form- er being necessitated to continued acts of oppression, and the latter to suffer them.

People's Names.

There are above a quarter of million of persons in England and Wales bearing the cosmopolitan surname of Smith, and above 45,000 persons in Scotland. If you meet seventy-three persons in England, or even sixty-eight in Scotland, you may expect to find a Smith among them. Next to Smith there comes in each country a purely local name - Jones in England and Wales, Mac- donald in Scotland; in every seventy-eight persons in Scotland there is a Macdonald. The next most common names in England are: Williams, Taylor, Davis, and Brown; in Scotland, Brown occupies a very high numerical position, but several purely Scot- tish names also stand high upon the list— Robertson, Stewart, Campbell, Anderson. There is a much greater clan predominance of surnames in Scotland than in England. There are in both countries many surnames derived from occupation, locality, or per- sonal qualities; while in England, in the fifty most common surnames, only twenty- seven, in Scotland, thirty-seven—the great majority—are real patronymics and truly surnames, either in their pure, unaltered state, as Grant, Cameron, &c., or altered so as to express the descent, as in Robertson and Morrison, or with the Gaelic Mac. A recent examination of the birth register of Scotland for a year showed 104,018 births and only 6,823 surnames; so that there are more than 15 persons, upon an average, to a surname, or only 6.5 surnames, to 100 persons. In England, a similar examina- tion by the Registrar-General showed only 8.4 persons to a surname, or 12 surnames to 100 persons. The proportion of persons attached to each surname would have been still larger in Scotland, and more than double that of England, but for the im- mense immigration from Ireland in the last quarter of a century. In the Scottish reg- isters the 50 most common surnames em- brace nearly 30 [per]cent. of all the names on the register; in England only about 18 [per]cent. Of the 50 most common surnames in Scotland, 32 either entirely or in the form in which they occur in Scotland may be reckoned as having originated in that country and as being peculiar to it—a very large proportion, considering all circum- stance. The remainder are common also to England. The sobringets perpetuated as surnames from a supposed likeness to the animal creation of course vary in Eng- land and Scotland with the language of each country. English Fox is superseded in Scotland by Tod, a very common name, having the same meaning. Bullock be- comes Stott, and Crow Craw. Hogg in Scotland is not to be traced to pig, but a lamb a year old. Mr. Stock, of the Scot- tish Register office, from whose Sixth An- nual Report (just issued) these statements are taken, has also had the curiosity to note the Christian names, occurring upon the registers. In 3,590 entries of births of boys there were only 67 different Chris- tian names, but among alike number of girls there were 86. John and James great- ly preponderate among the boys. Among the girls Margaret is the favorite name, but Mary is very close to it. In the Highland clans Mary decidedly preponderates, but Margaret in all other parts of Scotland. Several names not uncommon among girls in England did not occur as many as three times in the entire Scottish list of 3,680 —Beatrice, Clara, Emma, Julia, Lucy; and among the 3,690 boys there were not three with either of several of our common Eng- lish names—Alfred, Arthur, Benjamin, Frederick, Philip, Stephen. The girls' list shows many variations from what we should find in England; there are twice as many Elspeths as Emilys, twice as many Mar- jorys as Louisas, four times as many Euph- emias as Harriets, five times as many Graces as Carolines.

A Distinguished Southerner.—-

The New-York Sun, of May 25th, says: "Yesterday a distinguished rebel, long in the 'Confederate service at Richmond, ap- peared in our streets, attracting a good deal of attention from spectators, namely, the famous Russian bloodhound 'Hero', who during the war had helped to guard the prisoners in Castle Thunder, and be- sides barking at Southern Union men, had been taught to growl at a Federal uniform whenever seen and by whomsoever worn. He has got over that since his capture and parole under the terms of Lee's surrender. 'Hero' is four feet in height, and can readily take his food from an ordinary table. He measures seven feet from his nose to the tip of his tail, and forty-two inches round the chest, and weighs 180 pounds. Ten pounds of beef and as much mutton, with half a gallon of water, are consumed by this brute at one meal, and the way he shows his teeth is annoying to nervous people. He belonged to one of the F. F. V.'s, but has been duly confiscat- ed to the U. S. authorities.

"FACT, gentlemen," said a traveler, who was giving a crowd of gaping listeners an account of the strange things he had seen during his peregrinations in the far West, "the trees are so close together in Arkansas that you may travel for days together without finding them more than three feet apart ; and then the game ! such vast numbers of buffalo, and bears, and wild cats, but in all the world I never saw such deer!"—"What of the deer?" asked a sharp-eyed descen- dant of Nimrod.—"Oh, the biggest, bouncing bucks you ever saw," was the reply. —"Why, my dear sir, the woods are per- fectly alive with them, charging about with great, branching horns full four feet apart." —"Well, but if the trees are only three feet apart, and the deer's horns four, I want you to tell me how they get through?" said Nimrod—"Oh, well, that's their look out." said the traveler. "I have nothing to do with that."

The Rice crop in Petchaburee.

By advices from Petchaburee under date of Aug. 24th we learn that the people were then becoming very anxious again for the safety of their rice crops—-that for the week proceeding, there had fallen scarcely a drop of rain, and that the rice fields were getting quite dry, the water in the river not having risen sufficiently to flow out in to the fields.

Our informant says that it is estimated that about one fourth of the rice fields re-

mained them unplanted; and that if the three fourths do well, it will be a much better result than that of last year when only one fourth of the usual crop was obtained.

He adds that "the people have been very diligent in feeding the priests and re- hearsing their incantations for rain."

Such extraordinary efforts to avert the great calamity feared, are any thing but hopeful and cheering to Christian mer- chants in Bangkok and elsewhere who are anxiously waiting for the next Siamese rice harvest.

A MALE native of Michigan' is now de- nominated a Michigander, while his female mate is called a Michigoose.

"Why, Bridget!" said a lady who wish- ed to rally her servant girl, for the amuse- ment of the company, upon the fantastic ornamenting of a huge pie, "did you do this! You 're quite an artist; pray how did you do it?"—"Indade, mum, it was myself that did it," replied Bridget. "isn't it pertty! I did it with your old false teeth, mum."