The Bangkok Recorder.

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One of the great inventions
of the age.

Since the invention of that great and powerful article of all military warfare namely, gunpowder, which enabled the warriors of antiquity to fling away their bows and arrows, there has been no more triumphant achievement in the arts, than that just published to the world of ren- dering gunpowder non explosive.

A gentleman by the name of Mr. Gale, after the enthusiastic pursuit of this par- ticular matter, for the long period of fifteen years, has developed a plan by which powder can be made as harmless as chalk, and yet not injured in its quali- ty of ready explosion. Mr. Gale's great object was to render gunpowder a safe article to be kept anywhere, without any fear of accident or injury to any one while thus protected, and in this desire he has achieved the most complete suc- cess.

When we assure our readers, that a lighted torch may now be inserted in- side of a barrel of gunpowder, without any fear of explosion, they will scarcely credit the fact, but it is incontrovertably true. The association of the two words FIRE and GUNPOWDER always creates a most sensible apprehension or dread, but when it is said that gunpowder may now be employed to extinguish fire, the marvel is as bold as it is correct.

The plan adopted to effect this almost miraculous change, in the elements of which gunpowder is formed, is in this way. Common glass is taken and exposed to the action of fire, till it attains to a bright whiteness, or a white heat. This molten glass is then suddenly plunged into cold water, by which the cohesive qualities of the glass are completely destroyed. After being thus treated, it may be turn- ed into an impalpable powder so to speak, between the finger and thumb. This glass powder is then taken and combined in definite proportions with gunpowder, by which the explosive quality of the latter is totally destroyed while in this mixed state.

The proportions are as follows. If you wish to render gunpowder non explosive and yet fiercely combustible, you are to take two parts of powdered glass prepared in the manner described, to one part of gunpowder. This composition will not explode on the application of fire, though it will burn, with a slight fizzing noise. In the proportion of three parts of glass powder, to one of gunpowder, it is ren- dered almost incombustible. In the proportion of four parts to one, the strongest gunpowder is made perfectly harmless. In fact, it extinguishes flame as several of the experiments show.

This then is the great invention of Mr. Gale,—the great triumph of the age. The next question then is, does not this mixing of the two substances destroy in totality the explosive power of the gun- powder? The answer is, No. In this fact consists the beauty of the invention. All that is required is, that the mixture shall pass through a copper sieve, when the powdered glass passes through and the gunpowder remains behind in the sieve. Then touch that gunpowder with fire, and it instantly explodes, in the same manner, as if it never had been mixed with the glass. While, therefore, this mixing process renders gunpowder wholly harm- less and safe, as an article which may be stored anywhere, it adds very materially to the preservation of the powder itself. It is an effectual protection against damp. It prevents friction among the separate particles of the powder. It, in fact, produces a mighty revolution in all our ordinary and common ideas of gunpowder. People were in the habit of saying, and most wisely saying, you cannot be too careful of gunpowder. Hence magazines were constructed with special reference to its preservation from all accidents by fire.

But when this change is introduced, as it no doubt will be, in every country in the world, men may go to sleep on barrels of gunpowder with as little risk, or anxiety concerning their own safety as if they were so many barrels of sugar.

The experiments to test the thorough and complete success of Mr. Gale's in- vention were made in the presence of General Lefroy and the members of the Ordnance select Committee. These took place at the Martello tower, or Pet tower which stands about half way between Hastings and Rye. The greatest care was taken against the occurrence of any accident.

Fire was first applied by means of an electrical battery. Five tons of gunpow- der were thus subjected to experiment. Finally the General permitted any person who chose to go inside of the tower, to witness the barrels, burning in which the harmless gunpowder had been packed.

Whoever therefore, may claim to be the original inventor of gunpowder, whether he be a Chinaman, a Grecian, a Persian, a Roman, or a Turk, the honor belongs to an Englishman of rendering that dreadfully dangerous compound as harmless as any other substance in com- mon use among mankind. The effect on the interests and welfare of man will be as great in this matter, as if all the beasts of prey in our forests were suddenly de- prived of all their wildness and ferocity, and the day had really arrived when the lion and the lamb could be seen lying down beside each other, in mutual con- tentment and peace.—RANGOON TIMES.

The recent Outbreak
IN THE ROYAL CITY.

As the first excitement has worn off, people now inquire the origin of all this sudden Rebellion. The following account is given me by an old native acquain- tance of mine. About six months ago, there was a register taken of the followers of each of the Princes. This caused some discontent and roused feelings of suspicion among them, and especially since then, some of the more active have secretly ex- tended their influence and procured adher- ents. The Minggoon Mingtha made great efforts and succeeded in attaching a large number of men to his interest. The Loungshee Mengyee found this out and spoke to the Crown Prince. He at first treated the information as nonsense, said the boy was not likely to think any thing seriously evil, and dismissed the matter, mentioning nothing of it to his brother the king. The Minggoon continued his preparations. One night there was a grand 'Puay' at one of the Princes, the Crown Prince was expected, and the tragedy was to begin with a slaughter in the midst of the theatrical performance. The Crown Prince however did not attend, and the rising was postponed. The Loungshee Meng Gyee however got tidings of this scheme and on his telling the Prince, the latter attended to the information and finally reported all to the King. The king too at first refused to believe it, but the Prince spoke of it again and the king consented to take measures of precaution.

All the young princes were ordered to have but six followers each, and to have no arms, and to refrain from all com- munications with the people not belong- ing to the king. This brought the thing to a crisis, and the Mingroon Princes— there are two brothers—decided to wait no longer. The Singwoon—their ma- ternal uncle—was to set fire to a house belonging to their party close to the palace, and under cover of running to help to put it out, the rush was made by the Ming- goon and his brother and followers with naked swords to the South gate of the Palace: and through the outer court to the Tey Gyee where the Crown Prince was sitting talking with the Woongyees.

The Crown Prince saw the rush and tried to get away. A cut on his leg threw him, he was then cut down by the young Minggoon,the dying Prince, then cried out to his assassins, I am in your hands, it is over with me, but do not hurt my brother.' The Loangshee Mengyee was cut down and left for dead. The Pakan Woong- yee escaped over the fence into the in- ner court. A few others were killed and wounded. This first act was over in three minutes. The rebels then rushed through the second gate, and after some resistance got through the third, then rushed up to them 'yenan' drove out and disarmed the guards. The young princes then rushed into the inner apartments, and found the king. The younger went in first, made obedience and cried 'Lord Father, come out this way, an enemy is come.' The Toung duey Bo, cried "you are the enemy" and rushed to cut him down. The king cried, "Dont wound him." the Minggoon himself and men then rushed in, the Duey Bo was then cut down, the King Woon caught hold of the Minggoon who had raised his hand to his father, and was immediately killed by the rebels. In the confusion the king escaped. The Princes came down by the Northern side and out through the gates into the large court. The men there on guard had been order- ed to load by the Yeynung young Minis- ter, but the Minggoon single handed rushed up and ordered them to lay down their arms. They did so.—The Princes then went out the same way as they came in and rushed with a portion of their men to the city just in time to be shut out, at the East North gate after the king had got in. The king had been carried out from the Sammudan on the shoulders of one of the Minggoon's secret adherents whose role it was to stick to the king under all circumstances, and not permit his escape with life. An official saw a dagger hidden in his waistcoat, and beg- ged the king to come down. A pony was caught and on this the king was got into the city and Main Palace. The Minggoon and his men, soon followed and got into the outer court, but failed to penetrate the second gate. They cannonaded it, and broke the planking, and would perhaps have got through but the men of the Crown Prince were now on them and drove the whole party out of the palace. That night was a terrible one inside the city. Those who were not fighting on either side broke up into rov- ing bands of ruffians, and every quarter and street had to improvise a guard of the inhabitants who defended themselves and property as best they could. The Minggoon got away about two o'clock, but concealed the fact from his men till the morning. His Uncle the Singwoon was left to gather and command a body of men as near the capital as possible, while the Prince proceeded in the Steamer he had taken, to raise an Army in his district of Minggoon and the neighbour- hood.—C. W. from the Rangoon Times.

Atlantic Cable.

The great fact of the day-—the Atlan- tic Cable—-has been duly and satisfac- torily tested. In proof of this the mon- arch of England and the sovereign of the great republic have exchanged friendly salutations through the depths of the Atlantic Ocean, and London and New York have been placed in hourly com- munication with each other-—the Wall street of the latter being now, figuratively speaking, adjoining the Missing Lane of the former, as the ENGLISHMAN lately observed. The business transactions of the two nations are now, comparatively, brought next door to each other. Thus has been settled a great bond at which the world at large may well wonder. May it last undisturbed. We give prominen- tly here the graphic observations of the Home News on the grand result of the gigantic enterprize:—-

The Atlantic Telegraph Cable is laid, and not only laid securely, but with an increase of power consequent upon com- pletion. The Old and the New Worlds are shaking hands across the mighty waste of waters, and congratulations have been already exchanged between the Queen and the President. The im- agination can hardly compass this achievement. We hear people talking in America. We know what was the price of the funds ten minutes ago up- wards of 2000 miles off. Ariel is no longer a spirit, but a flesh-and-blood fact. No estimate can be made of the difficul- ties conquered, or the benefits obtained. Even the failure of the former cable has proved an incalculable gain, for the new cable is an immense improvement upon the old one; and the new instruments used in the transmission of messages, and the new system of numeral signals, ex- hibit an advance of such magnitude as to enable one cable literally to do the work of two.

Nor is this all. We are advised to stay our wonderment to think that this great achievement is, in present expecta- tion, but the beginning of similar mar- vels, of which that mighty ocean will be the scene—as shown by the annexed further quotation from our respected overland informer:—-

The experience which has been ac- quired in the working of the Great East- ern, has not only developed in a higher degree than could have been anticipated the marvellous powers of the great ship, and thus enormously increased her prac- tical utility, but has shown that she can be managed with as much ease and cer- tainty as the smallest vessel afloat. Two other vessels have been sent to pick up the cable of last year, a task in which we have no doubt they will succeed. We shall then have two cables between Eng- land and America. The Great Eastern is reserved for more extended labours. For a long time to come, it is supposed, she will continue to be employed in lay- ing cables in the Atlantic, for the in- creasing need of intercourse will require an indefinite expansion of the means of communication.

“All honor to those who conceived the great design, and who have carried it out so triumphantly.”—-MAULMAIN ADVER- TISER.

Prussia.

The area of Prussia is at present 108, 212 English square miles, or about equal to the combined territory of Georgia and Florida. The population, according to the census of 1864, was 19,304,843, fall- ing but little below that of the Northern States of the Union. The great majority of the population, are Germans ; the to- tal number of persons belonging to non- German nationalities being 2,504,179. A considerable portion of the latter are fee- ble remnants of small tribes, which are rapidly being absorbed by the German nationality. Within the last few years the Government of Prussia made several important additions to the former domi- nions, acquiring first the two Principali- ties of Hohenzollern, next the important sea coast district of Yahde, which it pur- chased from Oldenburg, and more recent- ly the Duchy of Lauenburg which was ceded to it by Austria for a pecuniary consideration. It holds, moreover, pos- session of Schleswig, and avows its inten- tion to permanently annex to Prussia both this Duchy and that of Holstein. In point of administration, Prussia is not inferior to any other country of the world. Its finances, unlike those of Austria and Italy, are in a sound condition; its army discipline has long been the ad- miration of the entire civilized world. The army, on a war footing, numbers 700,000, and its fleet consisted, in 1865, of 37 steamers, 8 sailing vessels, 40 row- ing vessels ; total, 85-war vessels. The reigning King is William I., born in 1797, who succeeded his brother, Frederic William IV., in January, 1861.

Austria.

The Austrian empire, as at present constituted, is divided into nineteen Pro- vinces, the area of which is 236, 311 English square miles, with a total pop- ulation, according to computation, of 36, 795,000 souls. This population is divided, with respect to race and language, into no fewer than twelve different national- ities, namely:-—German, 8,200,000 ; Bo- hemians, Moravians and Slovacks, 3,600, 000 ; Poles, 2,200,000 ; Russians, 2,800, 000 ; Slovenians, 1,210,000 ; Croats, 1, 360,000 ; Servians, 1,479,000 ; Bulgarians, 25,000 ; Magyars, 5,050,000 ; Italians, (inclusive of Latins and Friauls,) 3,650- 000 ; Eastern Romans, 2,700,000 ; mem- bers of other races, 1,430,000.

Austria is one of the great military powers of Europe, her army on the war footing being over half a million of men. The navy, however, is comparatively small, consisting, in August, 1864, of 39 steamers with 639 guns, 11,730 horse- power, and 20 sailing vessels with 145 guns. Great efforts have been made within the last few years to raise the Imperial navy to a state of high efficien- cy by the substitution of steam for sail- ing vessels, and the gradual formation of an iron-clad fleet of war. Austria has become a constitutional monarchy since 1848, the main features of the constitu- tion consisting, first, of the Provincial Diets, representing the various States of the monarchy ; secondly, a Central Diet, or Council of the Empire ; and thirdly a reduced form of the latter, or Partial Council of the Empire, as it is called.

The public debt of the Empire, which at the commencement of the French Revo- lution in 1789 was $174,500,000, had grown in 1863 to $1,210,222,085. From 1789 to the present time there has not been a single year in which the revenue of the State has come up to the expendi- ture. The present Emperor, Francis Joseph I., was born August, 1830, and was proclaimed Emperor and King in consequence of the abdication of his un- cle, Ferdinand I., and the renunciation of his father, Francis Charles, Decem- ber 2, 1848. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Austrian army in the Italian cam- paign of 1859.-—Lo. Co. News.

Value of a Crown.

The Crown of England is valuable enough to found half a dozen moderate colleges. The twenty diamonds round the circle are worth $150,000; two large center diamonds, $20,000; fifty four smaller diamonds in the angle, $270,000; four crosses, each composed of twenty five diamonds, $60,000; four large diam- onds on the top of the crosses, $20,000; twelve large diamonds in the FLEUR-DE- LYS, $50,000; eighteen small ones in the same, $10,000; pearls and diamonds in the arches and crosses, $50,000; also one hundred and forty-six small ones, $25- 000; twenty six diamonds in the upper cross, $150,000; two circles of pearls a- bout the rim, $15,000:—value of pre- cious stones exclusive of metal, $820,000.

Josh Billings Again.

I kant tell you the best way tew bring up a boy; but if I had one that didn't lie well enuff to suit me, I think I would sett him tending a drigood store. Pro- bably, one of the best ways tew bring up a boy in the way he should go, is tew travel that ourselfs, once in a while. Still there aint no sure thing; I have seen them brought up as kerful az a lapp-dog, and then go to the devil jist az soon az they could strike the right track. And then, I have saw them come out ov someboddy's gutter and wash up like a diamond. Raising boys iz a good deal like raising colts, If yu dont git more than one out ov ten that is a fast one, yu are dewing fast rate.

Buty iz one uv them things that kant be diskribed; yu might az well undertake tew tell how a kiss tastes.

"I think, (from aktual experience,) the happiest period in childhood is when they have jist been spanked and got well over it.

Odds and Ends.

—-Search others, for their virtues, thy- self for thy vices.

—-Simeonly says that 'advice is like the snow—the softer it falls the longer it dwells upon and the deeper it sinks in- to the mind.

-—When Socrates was asked why he had built for himself so small a house, he replied: "Small as it is, I wish I could fill it with friends."

-—Life, is it not useful if it is happy? says the egotist. Is it not happy enough if it is useful? says the man of worth.

-—There is danger in being too neat. An old lady in Holland once scrubbed her sittingroom floor until she fell through it into the cellar.

—-Good! men have the fewest tears. He has but one who fears to do wrong. He has a thousand who has overcome that one.

—-Lord Chesterfield once remarked that even Adam, the first man, knew the value of politeness, and allowed Eve to have the first bite of the apple.

—-Sentimental youth! "My dear girl, will you share my lot for life?" Practi- cal girl— "How many acres are there in your lot sir?"

-—We are always ready to reckon our trials, but are we equally so to keep ac- count of the sins which draw them down upon us?—-CHRYSOSTOM.

-—Sir Isaac Newton's bachelor nephew was a clergyman. When he had perform- ed the marriage ceremony for a young couple, he always refused the fee, saying, "Go your ways, poor wretches, I have done you mischief enough already."

-—"Ah, Jemmy," said a sympathising friend to a man who was just too late for the train, "you did not run fast enough." "Yes I did," said Jenny. "I run fast enough, but I did not start soon enough."

-—Where was John Rogers burnt to death?" said the teacher to me in a com- manding voice. "I couldn't tell—to the next—no answer.—"Joshua knows," said a little girl at the foot of the class. "Well," said the teacher, if Joshua knows he may tell." "In the fire," said Joshua, looking very solemn and wise.

—-We have known persons who could sit three long hours in a closely-packed concert hall, rendered suffocating by the rising dust of applause; yet they could not sit watching and praying hearing and meditating one hour in the roomy house of God; it gave them the headache.

Bangkok Recorder.

The prospects of Burmah.

Our latest advices from Burmah give us much hope that the rebellion in upper Burmah has been stayed—-that —the one as 1st the other 2nd king, cannot long escape capture and the punishment they richly deserve—-and that a far better state of political re- lations between christian and heathen Burmah will quickly follow this terrible event than had hitherto been enjoyed. We cannot doubt that our king Imma- nuel will overrule this civil commotion to the advancement of his cause and the glory of his name in Burmah.

It would seem that the reigning monarch, together with his ministers of state, were, before the outbreak, too proud and self conceited to enter- tain for a moment the idea of seeking a more intimate friendship with Eng- land, or any particular protection from her. It appears that the government she hoped to become even less intimate and dependant, and were, under the influence of self-importance and dislike of her English neighbors, managing affairs so as to embarrass not a little British interests in Burmah. But it would seem that the Burman govern- ment must now see matters in quite a different light-—that she must now feel her need of the powerful arm of England to hold her up in her present weakness, and must deeply regret that she did not accept of her arm when sometime since it was proffered for her protection. Had she done so, and acted in good faith touching the proposed new treaty relations, we cannot doubt that she would have been spared the terrible confusion and humiliation which has befallen her.

We learn that Col. Phayer, the Com- missioner-general for British Burmah, a man of great experience among the Burmans, of great love for their wel- fare, and a special friend of the king, was to leave Maulmain—-on a visit to the king in his deep affliction, and that he would very probably, under God, prepare the way for the negoti- ation of new treaty relations between the two governments such as will vir- tually bring the king of Burmah under the protection of England. We fondly hope and trust this will be the good news we shall soon hear from our western neighbors.—-

And having written thus far on this subject, we feel constrained to go further, and say that in our mind there is not a lingering doubt that if Burmah long refuses to take England as her protector, that the Almighty gov- ernor of all nations will so order his providences that she will quickly ruin herself as a nation, just as the little nations in India all have done which persisted in their hatred of a Christian government and the Christian's God. The truth is the Word of the Almighty is out against all such nations as will not fear and serve Him; and it "will not return unto Him void." Let all these eastern heathen princes look at it and study it in the book of the prophet Isaiah 60: 12th-—"For the nation and kingdom that will not serve thee [Jehovah] shall perish; yea, those nations shall be utterly wasted."

Had those Indian kingdoms early abolished their idolatry as did the government of the Sandwich Islands, and welcomed the christian religion, and christian teachers among them, and adopted the Bible as the book of the only true God, and framed their laws and taught their children accordingly, who can doubt that they would many, if not all, of them have risen in power and maintained a glorious indepen- dence? The Burman government has not done this, nor taken the first step toward it, and she has thus "treasured" up wrath against the day of wrath! And if she do not soon repent by abandoning idolatry, she must at least loose the honor of continuing an inde- pendent kingdom. China is manifestly on the same road to subvertion as an empire and for the same general cause. And we must in faithfulness add that we think Siam is following hard on to- ward the same humiliation—-that noth- ing can save her from it but a speedy abolition of Buddhism, acknowledg- ment of Jesus Christ as being "over all God blessed forever," adoption of the Bible as her only infallible standard of faith and practice, the substratum of all righteous laws, and an earnest seeking of christian teachers for the people and their children. Let Siam but do this, and she will, in all pro- bability, like the Sandwich Island na- tion, maintain her independence, be like her acknowledged as one of the great family of christian nations, and protected and honored as such. Then will her true prosperity rise and shine in Eastern Asia "brighter and brighter unto the perfect day."

O that Burmah and China and Siam were wise, that they would duly con- sider the two diametrically opposite lines of future conduct which the King of kings is now leaving them to the freedom of their own wills to accept or reject—the one abominable idolatry with all its darkness, degradation and ruin—the other a pure christianity with "all the fullness of the blessing of the gospel of peace." As for our adopted Siam we do still fervently hope that she will yet "choose that good part which shall never be taken away from her." But if she do so, she must do it quick- ly or be found too late for salvation

Sandwich Islands No. 2.

Captain Cook the discoverer of the Islands was murdered by the natives on Hawaii in a mob, February 1779. The effect of that event was to deter vessels from visiting the group until 1786, when Captains Dixon and Port- lock touched at Oahu for refreshments on their trading voyage to the North- west Coast for furs and sea-otter skins. Thence forward trading vessels stop- ped at the Islands more and more fre- quently.

Some years after this a European ship was seized and plundered on the western shore of Hawaii and the crew all murdered excepting Isaac Davis and—-Young. Kamehameha the reign- ing king seems to have had no share in the guilt of that transaction. He took the two Europeans under his special patronage, and they are said to have exerted much influence in the early part of his reign. But there is no evidence that they ever in any way taught even the first lessons of chris- tainity to any on the Islands. They were both promoted to chieftainship, and the grand daughter of Davis be- came the wife of Kamehameha IV. and she was Queen of Hawaii in 1863 at the time Rev. R. Anderson D. D. was at the Islands.

Vancouver accompanied Capt. Cook to the Islands, and while on a voyage of discovery, being sent by the English government, he spent a good part of the years 1792-3 & 4 at the Islands and was treated with much kindness by the king of Hawaii.

Vancouver then saw much evidence that the population of the group had greatly decreased since his first visit to them, which is attributed to dissolat- ing wars which had been carried on in the interval, the prevalence of infanti- cide, and the wasting tendencies of intemperance and licentiousness among the people. With regard to the hor- rid practice of infanticide, Rev. Wm. Ellis is regarded as undoubtedly good testimony. In writing of it forty years ago, he says.—-

"It prevails throughout all the is- lands, and with the exception of the higher class of chiefs, is, as far as we could learn, practiced by all ranks of the people. However numerous the children among the lower orders, par- ents rear not more than two or three, and many space only one. All the others are destroyed, sometimes short- ly after birth, generally during their first year. The means by which it is accomplished, though numerous, it would be improper to describe. Kua- kini, the governor of the Island, in a conversation I had with him at Kailua, enumerated many methods, several of which prove fatal to the mother also. Sometimes they strangle their chil- dren, but more frequently bury them alive. It is painful to think of the numbers thus murdered. All the in- formation we have been able to obtain, and the facts that have come to our knowledge in the neighborhood where we resided, afford every reason to be- lieve that, from the prevalence of in- fanticide, two thirds of the children perished. We have been told by some of the chiefs, on whose word we can depend, that they have known parents to murder three or four infants where they have spared one."

"The principal motive" he contin- ues "with those who practice it, is idleness, and the reason most frequent- ly assigned, even by the parents them- selves, for the murder of their child- ren is—-the trouble of bringing them up. In general they are of a change- able disposition, fond of a wandering manner of life, and find their children a restraint, preventing them in some degree, from following their roving inclinations. Like other savage na- tions, they are averse to any more la- bor than is absolutely necessary. Hence they consider their children a burden, and are unwilling to cultivate a little more ground, or undertake the small additional labor necessary to the support of their offspring during the helpless periods of infancy and child- hood. In some cases when the child has been sickly, and the parents have become tired of nursing and attending it, they have been known, in order to avoid attendance and care, to bury it at once ; and we have been credibly informed, that children have been buried alive merely because of the ir- ritation they have manifested. On these occasions, when the child has cried more than the parents, particu- larly the mother, could patiently bear, instead of clasping the little sufferer to her bosom, and soothing by caress- es the pains, which, though unable to tell them, it has probably felt, she has, to free herself from this annoy- ance, stopped its cries by thrusting a piece of tapu into its mouth ; and dig- ging a hole in the floor of the house, perhaps within a few yards of her bed, and the spot where she took her daily meals, has relentlessly buried, in the untimely grave, her helpless babe."

Kamehameha I. was a remarkable man—-as much so among his people as an Alexander or a Napoleon among theirs, and well deserves the title “great”—-He was great in stature, great in mental capacity, and majestic in his carriage. He was kind and gentle and averse to war, and would never have engaged in it, but in self defence. The Almighty, whom he knew not, favored him in all his wars until in 1794 he became ruler of all the islands except Kauai, and in 1809 made him monarch of all.” His policy was to protect trade, in which he received many useful lessons from Vancouver. He regarded himself as being the owner of all lands, and ap- portioned them among his chiefs “ac- cording to their rank and deserts, which he did on the feudal tenure of rendering military service and a pro- portion of the revenues”. The peace, order and security which existed among his subjects in the latter part of his reign was remarkable, consider- ing his own want of light from chris- tain lands, and the deep darkness, an- archy, and desolating wars which immediately preceded that state. He died on the 8th of May, 1819 in the sixty sixth year of his age, a few months before the first christian mis- sionaries embarked at Boston for the purpose of preaching the gospel to his people.

A Laos Physician.

We were much interested a few days since in observing the practice of one of the chief physicians to the king of Cheangmai. We had taken our seat in a sala of the temple before which the royal barges are moored. Pres- ently a gray-headed man came along with a 'kind of satchel suspended on his shoulders, and taking it off, sat down in the sala. A young Laosan woman then brought a three quart bowl full of clear water and placed it before the Doctor. A young man brought another with about the same quantity of water, and still another man a smaller bowl full. We could not imagine what was going to be done. But the Doctor soon disclosed the mys- tery. He opened his satchel, and searching among many little bags and bamboo calipots within (each being nicely labeled in Laos letters) for the bag he wanted, he opened it, and turned out a lot of roots, sticks, bones, stones, a piece of ivory, a bit of mother of pearl, etc. There were in all sixteen kinds of medical substances from which he was going to make prescrip- tions for the sick among the king's ser- vants and attendants. Then, taking out of his satchel a small rubstone a- bout the size of those we were accus- tomed in our youthful days to use in whetting scythes, rubbed the articles one by one upon it, first dipping its end in the water, then rubbing it on the stone, and this repeated three or four times. Thus he served the whole— the bone, stone and ivory as well as the roots. We observed that some of the roots and sticks coloured the water a little. This being done the patient or his servant was on hand to bear the medicated water away for use. We, with all due gravity asked the Doctor what that medical compound was in-

tended to cure. Dysentery, was the laconic reply. Then the young man brought his dish of water before the Doctor for medication, and taking out another bag of roots, sticks, shells &c. went through with much the same process and then handed it over to the patient. Into one of the bowls of wa- ter he dropped several little pills in which they were dissolved; and that we learned was for fever.

The doctor seemed to have his pro- fession all by heart. He was not at all at a loss in making up his mind what medicines he would use in the several cases. He had only a word or two to say to either of the patients. It was not necessary for him to inquire minutely after the symptoms, nor to feel the pulse, nor to look at the tongue, nor to sound the chest by percussion nor the bowels by pressure for any grave disease that might be lurking there.

Such seemed to be his reputed tact and skill in his profession, that he had on- ly to glance his eye at the patient once or twice, and he would understand all about it. Each disease seemed to have such a fixed character at all times, in his opinion, that it needs little or no discrimination, little fear that the med- icine labeled for its use will not do its best to cure, and that if it fails, uncon- trollable fate alone will have to be re- sponsible for it, and not the Doctor. We could not but think within our- selves that essentially the same rou- tine treatment of disease is well known and much practised in the Western world, as well as in Siam.

The present King of Siam.

At the King's coronation he made no intimations with regard to develo- ping the intellectual resources of the country. His eye was particularly fixed upon the wants of the physical man, and with an eye to these, he may, for the time have forgotten that his country cannot be permanently great till he has all the resources with- in his own country for meeting all the wants of the country.

The King proposed to encourage commerce. He ought to have pro- posed, at the same time, to have a school to fit men for carrying on all the departments of trade, Where is the school, to make accountants, in- terperters, ship-masters and kindred officers? Echo answers, where? In Siam certainly, not one.

Perhaps the school at the Prime Ministers may become the nucleus for such a seminary. When we see book- keeping, and civil engineering intro- duced, we shall feel that Siam is taking a step in the right direction.

But young noblemen, such as com- pose the members of this school are not the class to which we ought to look, for masters of the practical arts, such as give skill in conducting the various departments of labor, though thus far in Siam, enterprise has had its impetus from this class of men. The Second King, the Prime Minister, and the Prime Minister's son have stood at the head of improvements. The primary business of this class is official business—-making and executing the laws which determine the progress of the country. They may, it is true, be- come versed both in the theory and practice of these business matters as do the sons of Queen Victoria, to give them power to make better law-givers, ruling the country with a practical knowledge of its wants and its re- sources.

But it is the children of the middle class that should become the bone and muscle of the country, increasing production in every department. And what hinders Siam from taking the noble example of New England, and educating all her boys and girls, and fitting them to think well when they come forward to act their part on the stage of life. The theatre, or gambling rooms, or the wearing a sanctimonious face at seats, will not prepare them to be good men or good citizens. Dis- cipline and study, properly directed, with true principles implanted, can alone secure well such an end, and this course, entered upon in childhood, is the proper mode.

But now the children run about the streets, learning vice and idleness. The young men find amusement and employment at gambling houses and various places of vice, unless they may, in part, be gathered into some monastery to learn any thing but in- dustry, and efficient, straight forward, upright, and downright thinking, that makes a well versed man, prepared to live and prepared to die.

The king, undoubtedly, respects learning. He is learned himself, and knows the advantages of being able to think, to study, and to devine. He is not himself, evidently content with the old ways of Siam. He employs a European teacher, and pays, all things considered, a handsome salary, that his children may be taught the learned languages of the present day, and have the key to open to them western science, western literature, and all the history and literature connected with the christian religion. It is a good example as far as it goes.

The English language may become to the east what Latin was to the Europe, a basis of word learning and a key to scientific researches, and the light that opens up to them the true religion as it beams forth from the precious Bible well translated. As the sciences, are introduced into the eastern languages, foreign words must come with them, as a matter of course, and the study of the languages from which these words come can but fol- low in the march of improvement. The study of English is well; but Eng- lish is only one branch to be pursued, and this should be a subordinate branch as Latin is in our western schools.

It is a great desideratum in Siam to make good easy readers of the Siam- ese language. Almost all read, but few are easy readers that grasp the thought as the eye passes over the page, and for this reason intelligence comes very slowly. The books now in the country, are very shabbily read. It was praise when the old lady said of her son, he can read faster than the minister. It was a sign that the reader was beginning to grasp his words easily, as a practiced noto read- er can easily take in at one view the four staffs on the piece of music be- fore him, so some general readers grasp much at a glance. Some peo- ple have little faith in those who read books almost as soon as mother would turn over the leaves; but practice does wonders in this respect. A ready reader is a great acquisition.

At least the king can insist that the Wats send out good readers of the native language, if they do no more, and then books at hand will give char- acter and thought. A good reader, almost as a matter of course, becomes an intelligent man. He will certainly become so if his readings are turned in the right direction,—-to history and science, and works of sound princi- ples, sound religion, and sound morals.

It is the business of children to learn to read, when they can be of little use in any active employment. It is a great task it is true, but when the task is done, a great work is ac- complished, and surely Siam has now facilities for boys to become good readers, and the king has the power to enforce the measure. And the re- form secured, it will be a great honor to the king and a great good to the country.

In a report on Boston schools it is said, and I think with much truth, all that makes Boston and Massachusetts what they are is in a great measure, dependant upon a broad and liberal system of popular education.

Tell it not in Cheangmai, publish it not in the streets of the Malay towns, that it is yet a problem whether Siam can sustain one paper. Why! in any country almost but Siam, they have daily papers and the subscription list is so numerous that they can af- ford the periodical a little above the price of the white sheet upon which it is printed. Let Siam become a nation of easy readers, and the Siamese Re- corder would be offered at a penny a paper, and every Siamese family have one slipped under their door every morning to discuss over a cosey break- fast.

Above the old city during the time of high water we find quite a number of branches of the main river, leading in almost any direction a person wish- es to go, but during the dry season many of them are dry. Indeed now, in many places you can go with a boat directly across the rice fields without following any particular channel. The banks of the streams too, are freer from jungle, than below the city, so that a more extended view of the fields can be obtained. The water on the fields is in many places four and five feet deep, but still the rice mana- ges to keep above water, and at pre-

ment promises a most abundant crop. Fish abound in great quantities all over the fields, and we saw them playing around our boat. Many are employ- ed in fishing, and most of the pla- chow we find in market in this city, are brought from up the country. Ma- ny of the farmers appear to be enjoy- ing a holiday, waiting on the rice crop. Others are engaged in collecting the tough barks, used here for making ropes, sewing rice bags, fastening the chow to the posts in boating &c. The Siamese call it paw. The wood is sown annually like rice, and it grows to the height of five, and six feet, when it is collected and the bark stripped off, and dried and brought to market.

Nokburi is distant from Ayuthia about one day's travel on elephants, but much farther by water, as the cur- rent at this season of the year is so strong, that a boat makes but slow progress against it. Between the two places there is no town of any impor- tance. Maharat is the principle one, and appears to be little more than a fishing village. Every farming com- munity however is a village. Instead of settling down at respectable dis- tances from each other, like farmers do in western countries, so that they can raise in peace, their own poultry, and stock, we find them all huddled up together, and so far as a European can see, they have all things common. Sometimes the back part of one man's house, is placed close up to the front of that of his neighbour. When we come to inquire, however, we find, that the inhabitants of most of those vil- lages are closely related to each other, and that the village had their origin in a peculiar Siamese custom. When a daughter gets married, according to custom, the son-in-law must come and build a house close to that of the wife's parents, so that if a man has many daughters, by the time they are all married off, he is surrounded by quite a village.

Nokbari is at present an insignifi- cant little place, containing perhaps three thousand inhabitants. It has however once from appearances, been a place of some importance and has been well fortified. The old wall is visible in most places. Besides the wall, and at some distance outside, there is another kind of false wall with gates, guarding the principle entrances to the city.

Still further out another set of gates guard the same entrances, with a ditch extending around the city. It was therefore well prepared for any of those desultory attacks, from the sur- rounding nations, formerly so common in the east.

The city seems to have been orna- mented and fortified principally by Somdet Pra Narai who obtained the throne about A. D. 1660, and under whom a foreigner known in Siamese history as Phya Witchayen, by his obsequiousness rose finally to the rank of Prime Minister, thus holding in his hands chiefly the reins of gov- ernment. According to some writers his name was Constantine Phaulcon, a servant of the East India Company, who absconded in their debt, and came to Siam, where he managed to get hold of considerable funds belonging to the company. Through the com- bined influence of this man, and the Jesuit Missionaries, an embassy was sent to the court of Louis XIV, at the head of which was that wonderful man Nai Pan spoken of in the last Bang- kok Calendar.

Phaulcon built for himself a palace on an elevated position at Nokburi, the walls of which are still stan- ding, but the whole place was so grown over with weeds, and jungle, that we could not approach it. It must however have been a building of considerable extent. The rise in fa- vor and power of this man, appears to have excited the jealousy of some of the Siamese nobles, who ventured to speak to the king about it. He replied however, that a man of such abilities, could not be overlooked. The king also gave them an opportu- nity of testing their abilities, in com- parison with those of their rival. He had a very heavy gun the weight of which he desired to know, and called upon some of his nobles to weigh it. They however failed, as the gun was so heavy, that it broke all their chains and they could not suspend it. Wit- chayen was then called upon and he immediately ordered a boat to be moored close to shore, and had the gun placed on board the boat and then marked the water line. The gun was then removed and bricks were loaded into the boat, until the same water line was reached, and the bricks were then taken out, and weighed in separate lots. This feat established his reputation as to superior ability.

He afterwards however excited the anger of some of the nobles very much by ordering the nains, or novices, and some of the priests out of the wats to do rachakan or government work. This they considered an encroach- ment upon their religion. Luang Sarasat, a son of a former king by a Laos Princess, accordingly stationed himself at the entrance of the Royal Palace, the day when Wit[?]chayen was in waiting on the king, and when he came out, struck him on the mouth, and broke two of his teeth. He re- ported the insult to the king, who gave orders to have the offender arres- ted but he fled to the capital, and took refuge with his mother, who in- terceded for him, and secured pardon. After the death of Pra Narai however, and accession of his successor, Wit- chayen was murdered by this same Luang Sarasat, and probably with the consent of the king. He was in, as usual, waiting upon the king, when Luang Sarasat again awaited his com- ing out, and stabbed him. The ruins of Pra Narai's palace are but a short distance from those of his Prime Min- ister. His Majesty the present sover- eign, has erected a new palace partly upon the site of the old one.

About three miles from the town, there are the ruins of an artificial lake, said also to have been the work of Pra Narai. There is an embankment, in many places twenty feet above the common level, upon three sides, and the mountain formed the fourth side. There was also a flood gate to let off the superfluous water. In the centre of the lake when full, there must have been about five fathoms of water. It appears to have been intended, to col- lect the water, as it flowed down from the mountain, during the rainy season. It covers perhaps two hun- dred seroes[?] in area, and must have been a very pretty lake, containing fish enough to supply the whole kingdom. Rice is now flourishing in the centre of the lake.

Nokburi is now noted especially for the quantity, and quality of its custard apples, and many of those ex- posed for sale in this city come from there. The trees generally bear the second year after planting.

The mountain of Prabat looms up about twelve miles distant. A new and direct road has been cut from Nokburi to Prabat, which shortens the distance considerably.

There are also mountains quite near to Nokburi, but the natives are averse to visiting them in the wet season, for fear of jungle fever, which they attribute to the influence of the pees or spirits.

LOCAL.

An old Siamese man was drowned this evening in crossing the Bangkok- yai canal near the office of the Record- der. He was in a small sampan used for a ferry boat and several others with him, when a larger sampan coming into collision with the boat, capsized it, and the old man sunk and could not be found.

We learn that three pirates have recently been caught at Ban Taloo in the Province of Petchaburee. The particulars concerning the capture have not yet come to our knowledge.

An important case of assault and battery has just been tried at the court of H. E. Chow Phya Kalahome and decided in favor of plaintiff. Several Chinamen, it appears, in attempting to seize a party charged with selling spi- rits unlawfully, killed one man and wounded many others. The China- men seem not to have been legally au- thorized to arrest the spirit venders, and therefore were fined 320 Ticals, which money was paid to the friends of the person killed.

We understand that all cases of liti- gation connected with the spirit mono- poly have to be tried at the court of the Prime Minister because he stands as security for the spirit farmer.

We have now come nearly to the end of our wet season, and from all the accounts that we can gather of it, it has been remarkably propitious for the forth-coming rice crop.

HEALTH—-We are happy to learn that the general health of the foreign residents here is good. With the ex- ception of a few slight colds, which may be expected at this season of the year, all are in the enjoyment of health, or in a fair way of recovery.

The Siam steamer “Chow Phya” left for Singapore on the 30th ult. having the following passengers, viz: —-Messrs Romi de Montigny, Probst, Lambert, and Littlejohn.

A very singular case has lately been up for trial in the Naval Court of H. B. M's. Consulate concerning the Eng- lish Schooner Erin, which foundered in the gulf on the eastern coast about the middle of last August on her way to Hongkong laden with rice. It ap- pears that evidence of so grave a character came out in the trial, that the further investigation of the mat- ter has been transferred to the higher court at Singapore whither the parties concerned have gone by the steamers Chow Phya and Seewoon.

POSTSCRIPT OCT. 5TH.

We were happy to meet this morn- ing Princess Somawadi the 7th child of His Majesty the king of Siam being carried on a royal sadan on the street in front of H. E. Chow P'hya Kala- home. Following her royal Highness was H. E. the Prime Minister himself, being attended by twenty or thirty men neatly attired in full dress. They were attending her royal Highness to her state barge, and were going to ac- company her, as we heard, on a plea- sure excursion into the new canal which is being cut from Bangkok to Tachoon. It struck us as being a very agreeable exhibition of Young Siam, which does not think it unbe- coming in the king to allow his daughters as well as sons to leave the royal palace occasionally, and move about among the people in the city and country, enjoying the change and doing the hearts of the people good by a sight of them.

Buddhist Superstitions.

Yesterday, in passing through the temple Sumplum, our attention was attracted by the immense company of people there assembled. On inquir- ing, we learned that an idol in that temple was performing some strange freaks, and giving to the faithful a manifestation of its power. The particular objects of interest seemed to be a small recess or niche in a tall spire near the temple, about fifty or sixty feet from the ground where, it was said, the glory could be seen.

We inquired of those who were gaz- ing, what they saw. Some said, they could see nothing, others said they could see an image. We were told that only those who had boon (merit) could see the wonder. We concluded therefore, that we must belong to the unfortunate class who had no boon, for, after close examination, we could see nothing wonderful or different from other spires built of brick and mortar.

It seems that, a few days ago, it was announced by some one that a mir- acle was to be seen at the temple. An ancient and sacred image of Buddha brought from a distant city, and de- posited in that temple was giving out a refulgence of light and glory that was distinctly visible. The people flocked to see it. Those with wonderful perspicacity could see the image of Buddha reflected upon the inner part of the niche in the spire. They be- lieved it to be a miracle. They knew it must be caused by the sacred image of Buddha enshrined in the temple below. The news spread. The in- fatnated populace rushed to the place to worship, and present their offerings at that sacred shrine.

There they have been—-priests, people, men, women and children— coming and going for many days. To add variety to the scene, there are bands of music playing, and theatres open to all. These, contrary to the rules of Buddhist monasteries, were crowded with yellow robed spectators. Those who wish to gain merit must make an offering. Consequently there have been stands erected where tapers, incense sticks, and gold leaf are retailed to the worshippers. These places were thronged. After purchasing their offer- ing they would pass into the temple, bow three times before the idol in wor-

ship,then come out and light the tapers and offer them at the shrine. The gold leaf was used for gilding the idol. Every one, as he came in, laid his offering of gold leaf on the idol, smoothed it down with a cloth, then placing his hands together raised them to his head, bowed reverently three times to the image, and then retired. They doubtless thought they were deriving great profit by loading the idol with gold. We thought that, perhaps, those who were selling gold leaf &c. were deriving the largest share of profit.

We talked with several intelligent looking Siamese men, and inquired the nature of the phenomenon. They could not exactly tell what it was, but all seemed to think there was some- thing wonderfully strange there, and that it was caused by the power of the idol. Unable to discover any thing remarkable we passed on through the dense crowd into the main street that leads through market. All along this street were small groups of peo- ple standing gazing at the temple. Af- ter going some distance we were a gain induced, by curiosity, to turn and look at the spire which could yet be seen. We now saw the cause for all this excitement and superstition. There was an image, sure enough! It might be the image of Buddha or Vishnu, or what not, for it looked terrible enough for any of them. But what was it? It was nothing more than the imag- inary image of a man formed by vari- ous colors caused by the weather upon the stucco or plastering in the niche! A reddish yellow color (which is, with the Siamese, a sacred color) formed the body of the picture, and black, the back ground. It took some time for us to discover any resemblance of an image there, but when once seen, and with the image formed in the mind, it was very easy to trace it. In- deed, the longer we looked, the more distinctly could we see the resemblance. It reminded us of a puzzle picture we once saw of Napoleon formed by two trees. The puzzle was to trace the image of a human face in the picture. At first sight there appeared to be nothing but two scraggy, indifferent looking trees. But, after you succeed- ed in tracing the image of the face, you could see nothing else in it.

The Siamese are credulous and su- perstitious enough to believe that this phenomenon, which may be seen any day in the clouds or trees, is caused by the power of the idol in that tem- ple! There seems to be nothing too absurd and ridiculous for them to be- lieve in connection with their reli- gion. Mount Prabat, where is fabled to be the foot print of Buddha, is suffi- cient proof of this. There, in a small recess of that cragged volcanic rock, they imagine they see the track of Buddha's foot.

Thousands and thousands annually flock there to worship-—what? Pure- ly an imaginary trace of a foot print in the solid rock, which some of the Siamese themselves have ad- mitted to be an imposture by Prâ Chow Sông T'am, who invented it to gain great merit, and give prominence to his name.

At Prachai, a short distance from Prabat, is another place where they worship an imaginary shadow. This is nothing more than a natural pheno- menon of light and dark shades form- ed by the weather on the face of the rock. This, of course, is constantly changing, but those who have been can see in it a distinct shadow of their object of worship.

At Petchaburi there is a temple spire which the Siamese firmly be- lieve never casts a shadow. This, they think, is in some way, connected with their religion, and is a miracle and standing proof of its truth. We have stood there in the full blaze of the morning sun, and pointing to the dis- tinct and well defined shadow tried to convince them that they were believ- ing what was not true, or rather disbe- lieving what is true. No argument or ocular demonstration could convince them that that spire ever casts a sha- dow. It was rather a massive spire, but a few years ago it tumbled down, per- haps, for want of a shadow! The Siamese have commenced to rebuild it. They estimated that it will re- quire 12000 ticals to finish it. It is reported that His Majesty is to con- tribute 4000 ticals, and the balance to be raised by contributions from the people. Can any country or people be called poor when they can lavish such piles of money upon nothing?

There is said to be a place in the large cavern in the mountain called Kow Hlwang near Petchaburi where is a pile of small stones which you may scatter in any direction, and up- on returning the next day, will find them all piled up in regular order as though they had never been disturbed. This, they believe to be accomplished, not by human hands, but by a mira- cle. It is also said that in Sam roy yawt, a mountain on the west coast of the gulf, there is a cave which con- tains a pile of stones having this re- markable quality of coming together again after being scattered.

Thus we might go on to enumerate many other such instances of their superstition. They can believe the most ridiculous and absurd fancies of their imagination, while that which is truthful, real and substantial is re- jected. Truly there are none so blind as those who do not wish to see.

It appears from the Rangoon Times August 29th, that the great Mhine- loongyee timber cases, for a long-time under trial at Maulmain, producing intense excitement, have at length been decided by the Recorder in favor of the Plaintiffs, Moung-Khine, T. D. Finlay, Js. Finlay and John Mc Call, versus R. C. Burn, Shway Gan, B. Soadden.

From another source we hear that an appeal has been made to the court at Calcutta.

Prices Current.

premium 10

FREIGHTS—Small vessels are in demand, and high rates may be expected. Previous to the arrival of the mail the following settlements were made, viz:—

"A. de Winter" 50 cents per pical all round.

"Peter" 45 cents inside and 40 cents per pical outside.

"Water Lily" sugar to Bombay at 95 cents per pical.

For Singapore demand active and rates are from 35 to 40 cents per pical.—No dis- engaged vessels in harbor.

The following vessels have sailed for Hongkong since 13th Sept., viz:—

"Via Canning" with 1352 p., pepper, 6537 rice, 1062 mussels, 129 hemp, 430 cotton.

"Kim Chy Song" with 3213 pls. rice, 425 teelseed, 108 peas, 161 mussels, 19 cotton.

"Ingeborg" with 6617 pls. rice, 300 sugar.

"Chili" with 10000 pls. rice.

"Dorothea" with 9455 pls. rice.

"Carlota" with 6534 pls. rice.

"Fairy" with 6000 pls. rice.

"A. de Winter" with 10900 pls. rice, 80 sapanwood, 82 cotton.

The following have sailed for Singapore.

"Verona" with 11826 pls. rice, 559 sa- panwood, 522 teelseed, 85 peas, 722 cotton, 42 teak planks.

"Chow Phya" with 11 pls. horns, 5273 rice, 149 sugar, 596 teelseed, 360 salt fish, 38 onions.

"St. Paul" with 193 pls. hides, 4541 rice, 106 sapanwood, 78 sugar, 744 teel- seed, 85 mussels.

"Onan Soon" with 1217 pls. rice, 474 paddy, 30 onions.

[The following is a CLIF which a friend of ours has taken from the CHICAGO TRI- BUNE for the consideration of any who wish to see how the accounts would stand between the U. S. and Great Britain in case indemnification be determined upon.]

An Offset.

A special despatch from Ottawa, the capital of Canada, says :

"In the Canadian Parliament yesterday (June 22) Mr. Galt moved for the indem- nification of the Government, by the Uni- ted States, for the EXPENSES INCURRED DURING THE RECENT FENIAN TROUBLES. Several members of the Government party advocated the move, when Mr. Chambers, of Brockville, obtained the floor and spoke against it. He said that Canada could not support troops enough to resist the United States. A thousand Fenians was a differ- ent matter from 35,000,000 of Americans. He also called for an investigation of the conduct of the commanders of the Provin- cial troops during the trouble, and denoun- ced the management of the volunteers as a blunder. Mr. Chambers was continually interrupted and HISSED, the uproar be- coming so great at times as to drown his remarks. He was replied to by Mr. D'Arcy McGee, and the motion of Mr. Galt WAS ADOPTED."

They are a droll set of wags, those Can- ucks. The "motion of Mr. Galt was adopt- ed, to demand indemnification from the United States for expenses incurred during the recent Fenian troubles." That's good. And the hissing of the doubting Thomas— that was capital. Oh, certainly, make out your bill, gentlemen, and present it at the State Department for payment. The Yan- kees are ready to settle. But they have a little off-set, however, which of course you will allow. As the Canadians are British subjects, and constitute a part of the "Brit- ish Empire," whatever account Uncle Sam may have against Mr. John Bull will be a legitimate and lawful off-set, and neces- sarily must be allowed.

The American counter claim will run something like this:

To depredations of British cruis- ers on American commerce dur- ing the rebellion.........$250,000,000 To Cotton loss to rebels...100,000,000 To aid given to the rebels in the shape of arms, ammunition and munitions of war, whereby the re- bellion was prolonged two years..1,500,000,000 Principal of claim...............1,750,000,000 To three years interest on the same at 7 per cent....................867,500,000 Total............................2,117,500,000

Allowing the Canadian off-set of say $500,000, the balance due from Mr. John Bull is $2,117,000,000, which we hope it will not be inconvenient for the old gen- tleman to pay. The money will be applied towards the liquidation of that portion of the public debt incurred in consequence of Mr. Bull's acts of "neutrality."

Magnanimity.

That the South has been treated with all charity and fairness THE NATION well shows in the following simple illustration:

Let us imagine a man living on a West- ern settlement, carrying on a dispute at law with a perverse neighbor. The latter, beaten in every court, makes a desperate attempt to take his adversary's life. He drives him out of his home, burns up his property, kills two or three of his sons, fights long after the struggle both at law and in muscle is clearly decided, doing more mischief after his cause is hopeless than ever before, and only yields when de- prived of every weapon, and when resis- tance is simply impossible. How many then, having fought such a fight, and beaten such an enemy, and, we will further sup- pose, being allowed by law to take his life, or at any rate his property, would say to him, "You may go free. You may have all your property, and I will pay two-thirds of all my costs at law, though I have an execution against you for the whole a- mount. I forgive you ALL the past, on one condition: your man Cuffee helped me to whip you; you must now treat Cuf- fee as well as I treat you, and he will help you pay your share of the cost?"

We say that no one man in a hundred would act thus generously, either in Ameri- ca or Europe. Yet this is exactly what the Northern people have done to the South, with substantial unanimity.

Temperance Items.

Major-General and Brigadier-General Howard have joined the Sons of Temper- ance......C. Edwards Lester, author of the “Glory and Shame of England,” has be- come a Temperance advocate. He lately gave a touching account of his reformation ......Rev. B. W. Noel and Rev. C. H. Spur- geon have enrolled themselves in the Tem- perance ranks.......Rev. J. A. Davidson, formerly in this State, is lecturing now in Michigan.......A bill conferring on the Me- tropolitan Health Board, in New York and Brooklyn, the sole right to give or with- hold licences, has passed the New York Legislature. The new Board have fixed the first-class license at two hundred and fifty dollars, and the license of ale and beer at one hundred dollars. No grocery is to be licensed. It is expected that four thou- sand out of ten thousand bars will be closed by the Act.—-PACIFIC.

[From the China Overland Mail of the 11th Sept. we have the following items.]

—-CHMONG CHAT TAI, a notorious pirate, was executed yesterday morning. He made no confession before death, but Hongkong may congratulate itself on be- ing rid of so dangerous a scoundrel.

—-The FLOODING ordinance seems to have a beneficial effect on the returns of crime, the number of prisoners having decreased some 20 per cent, and that apparently not, as a rule, from undue leniency on the part of the Magistrates.

-—FROM MANILA we learn that several Chinese have been committed to prison for bribing or attempting to bribe the late Governor. The new Captain Gen- eral seems to be "making an impression" upon all classes and we wish him success in his endeavours to purge that colony from the evils, under which it has so long suffered.

—-THE PERMISSION given to Japanese to travel does not seem to have been intend- ed as a fact. An English merchant, who left last mail, was refused permission to take his native servant with him on the plea that the seal was not ready.

News Items.

A QUARTZ lead has been discovered in Lightning Gulch, Josephine country, Or- egon, from which, according to the Jack- sonville TIMES, $5,400 was taken out in two hours. The contents of one pan was $2,000! The lead is said to be per- fectly yellow with gold. The name of the lucky discoverer of this immense wealth is Malichi.

The NAPA REGISTER says, the Califor- nia Borax Company are said to be taking out this useful substance at the rate of a ton a day. Chinese labor is mostly used. The company have a steam engine and other machinery in the railroad depot here, awaiting transportation to their works. The borax all goes to market by the way of Napa.

TRUSTWORTHY advices from Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Alabama, report that planters are putting in cotton to the full extent of their ability, and that in some sections the amount of land that has been assigned to cotton culture is greater than ever before known. The fears of a scarcity of seed have proved groundless, as seed is found to be plenty, though much of it is risky from being too old.

DURING GEN. GRANT'S recent visit at Richmond, the people flocked to see him, and during his stay he was called upon by such persons as Robert Ould, Ex-re- bel Commissioner for exchange of prison- ers ; Gen. Joseph Anderson, of the Tre- degar Iron Works; Mayor Mayo, Gens. Wickham and Henningsen, Judges Lyons and Meredith, Hill Carter, Walter, Har- rison, and many others. The ladies also called upon Mrs. Grant freely. The railroad company placed a special car at his disposal, the Spottswood Hotel as- signed him a large suite of rooms, the Ballard House offered to do the same, and every one vied to contribute to his comfort and pleasure.

THE BILL that passed the House, Wednesday, to levy a duty of twenty per cent on all live animals imported, was meant to checkmate a trick of the Can- ucks, who are driving their sheep into the United States, shearing them so as to get the wool in duty free, and then driving them back.

AT THE usual conference of the Afri- can Methodist Church, held at Washing- ton, D. C. last week, a white brother was ordained, but not without some opposition. Some of the colored clergymen thought a mixture of colors would not work well in their church ; they had no prejudice against color, but were not sure that a white clergyman would be acceptable to a colored church. The majority, how- ever, thought it a good thing to have a mixture of colors, and Rev. James Reed said, "Let us show that we do not dis- respect a man on account of color."

THE TREASURY Department has re- ceived through the United States Consul at Brimingham, England, $4,500 in gold, which was subscribed by the citizens of that place for the benefit of the freed race of this country.

CORRECTION.

In the Tide Table of the Bangkok Calendar for 1866 for May, June, Au- gust, and October, for High read Low, and for Low read HIGH.